Gas Phase Catalysis by Metal Nanoparticles in Nanoporous Alumina Membranes

Nanoporous alumina membranes, loaded with palladium and ruthenium nanoparticles of various size, were used for gas phase hydrogenation of 1, 3‐butadiene and for oxidation of carbon monoxide, respectively. Those membranes contain 10⁹ ‐ 10¹¹ pores per cm², all running perpendicular to the surface. Membrane discs of 20 mm in diameter and only 60 μm thick, incorporated in a reactor in which the reactants can be pumped in a closed circuit through the pores, turned out to very actively catalyze hydrogenation of butadiene (Pd) and oxidation of CO (Ru). The activity of the Pd catalysts depends characteristically on the particles size, the gas flow, and of the educts ratio. As could be expected, larger particles are less active than smaller ones, whereas increasing gas flows in case of hydrogenation accelerates the reactions. Excessive hydrogen reduces selectivity with respect to the various butenes, but favours formation of butane.     

A comprehensive two-dimensional map of cytosolic proteins of Bacillus subtilis

Proteomics relying on two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis of proteins followed by spot identification with mass spectrometry is an excellent experimental tool for physiological studies opening a new perspective for understanding overall cell physiology. This is the intriguing outcome of a method introduced by Klose and O'Farrell independently 25 years ago. Physiological proteomics requires a 2-D reference map on which most of the main proteins were identified. In this paper, we present such a reference map with more than 300 entries for Bacillus subtilis proteins with an isoelectric point (pI) between 4 and 7. The most abundant proteins of exponentially growing cells were compiled and shown to perform mainly housekeeping functions in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCC), amino acid biosynthesis and translation as well as protein quality control. Furthermore, putative post-translational modifications were shown at a large scale, with 47 proteins in total forming more than one spot. In a few selected cases evidence for phosphorylation of these proteins is presented. The proteome analysis in the standard pI range was complemented by either stretching the most crowded regions in a narrow pH gradient 4.5-5.5, or by adding other fractions of the total B. subtilis proteome such as alkaline proteins as well as extracellular proteins. A big challenge for future studies is to provide an experimental protocol covering the fraction of intrinsic membrane proteins that almost totally escaped detection by the experimental procedure used in this study.     

Phononen fn Polymeren unter Berücksichtigung von Strukturdefekten

Zusammenfassung In den Schwingungsspektren teilkristalliner Polymerer findet man Banden, die von Falten, Kinken und anderen Konformationsdefekten herrühren, die also von der physikalischen Struktur abhängen und daher in engem Zusammenhang mit Herstellungsparametern und technologischen Eigenschaften stehen. Eine Zuordnung dieser Banden ist als Hilfsmittel zur StrukturAufklärung wünschenswert. Die klassische Normalkoordinaten-Analyse ist für diese Zwecke unbrauchbar, da nicht die regelmäßig wiederkehrenden Strukturelemente, vielmehr die Strukturdefekte maßgeblich sind. Abgesehen von Modellrechnungen an kleinen Molekülen oder Kontinuumstheorien gibt es zur Zeit nur zwei praktisch erprobte Verfahren auf molekularer Basis: Eine vonZerbi und Mitarbeitern entwickelte rein numerische Methode und eine vom Verfasser und Mitarbeitern entwickelte semianalytische Methode.Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt eine erste Gesamtdarstellung der semianalytischen Methode für beliebige Polymere von atomistischen Grundlagen bis zum Defekt-Zusatzspektrum, wobei einige für praktische Rechnungen wichtige theoretische Beziehungen erstmalig hier veröffentlicht werden. Nach einer Diskussion der Vorteile des semianalytischen Verfahrens wird ein überblick über bisherige Anwendungen dieser Methode auf Polyäthylen (Skelettmodell und Schalenmodell) gegeben.

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Summary In the vibrational spectra of semicrystalline polymers there are extra peaks due to folds, kinks and other conformational defects. They depend on the physical structure in close connection to the parameters of the fabrication process as well as to technological properties. An assignment of these peaks is desirable for structure elucidation. The classical normal coordinate analysis cannot be used because of the irregularity of the defects. Aside from model calculations at small molecules and continuum theories there are essentially two practically working molecular methods: A purely numerical method, developed byZerbi and coworkers, and a semianalytical method, developed by the author and coworkers.This paper is a review of the semianalytical method for arbitrary polymers, starting from atomistic considerations and ending with the defect induced density of states. It contains some hitherto unpublished theoretical relations of importance for practical calculations. The advantages of the semianalytical method are discussed. Recent applications on polyethylene (skeletal model and shell model) are reviewed.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen und 1 Tabelle     

Novelties of solid-liquid phase transfer catalysed synthesis of p-toluenesulfonyl fluoride from p-toluenesulfonyl chloride

Organic sulfonyl fluorides are of interest owing to their insecticidal, germicidal and enzyme inhibitory properties. In the current work, synthesis of p-toluenesufonyl fluoride was accomplished by reacting p-toluenesulfonyl chloride with solid potassium fluoride using PEG-400 as a catalyst under solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis (S-L PTC) at 30 °C. p-Toluenesulfonyl fluoride is used as peroxygen bleach activator. It also finds use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The mechanism is based on homogeneous solubilization of solid. PEG forms a complex with metal cation which associates with the nucleophile and it participates in SN₂ type reactions. The reaction is intrinsically kinetically controlled. A complete theoretical analysis is done to determine both the rate constant and equilibrium constant from the same set of data. The activation energy and Gibbs free energy are also calculated.     

4-Oxatricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]decan-10-one and 4-oxatricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]dec-8-en-10-one. Experimental and DFT investigations of the pi-selectivities.

Ab initio MO and experimental pi-selectivities of hydride additions to 4-oxatricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]decan-10-one and 4-oxatricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]dec-8-en-10-one are described. The interactions of sigma(C1-C2) and sigma(C6-C7) with pi(C=O), on one hand, and those of sigma(C1-C9) and sigma(C7-C8) with pi(C=O), on the other hand, support anti-selectivities for both. This is in full accordance with the experiments. The arguments that are based on electrostatic interactions and electron donation from the ring oxygen do not apply.     

Säurekatalysierte Umlagerungen von 1,5-Dimethyl-6-methyliden-tricyclo[3.2.1.02,7]oct-3-en-8endo-olen

Acid Catalysed Rearrangement of 1,5-Dimethyl-6-methyliden-tricyclo[3.2.1.0^2,7]oct-3-en-8endo-ols The tricyclic alcohols 2,3,4 and 6 (Scheme 1) are synthesized by the reaction of the tricyclic ketone 1 with sodiumborohydrid or metalloorganic reagents. Their configuration at C(8) is determined by NMR. in the presence of Eu(fod)₃. The exo-attack of 1 by the nucleophil forming the endo-alcohol is favored, the π-electrons of C(3) = C(4) hindering the endo-attack. On treatment with sulfuric acid in dioxane/water at 25° the tertiary alcohols yield aryl-substituted ketones. 3 gives in 78.5% yield a mixture of the 3-(dimethylphenyl)-2-butanones 12 and 13 , in addition to 16.5% of (2,3,4-trimethylphenyl)-2-propanon ( 14 ) (Scheme 2). The alcohols 4 and 6 yield mixtures of the 2-(dimethylphenyl)-3-pentanones 19 and 20 (72%), and 2-(dimethylphenyl)-propiophenones 21 and 22 (68%), respectively (Scheme 2). In the case of the secondary alcohol 2 mainly products derived from hydration at the C(6), C(9) double bond are formed, namely the mixture of diols 23 and 24 (21%), and the mixture of the isomeric 2-(dimethylphenyl)propanals 25, 26 and 27 (3%) (Scheme 3). - The structures of 12–14, 19/20, 21/22, 23/24 and 25/26/27 were established by spectroscopic data. In the case of 12 and 13 the degradation of their mixture to the known 1-(dimethylphenyl)ethanols 17/18 confirmed the assignment. - The most probable mechanism for the rearrangement of 3 is shown in Schemes 4 and 5. The reaction proceeds from 3 through a, b and g to 12 and 13; 14 is formed via e, f and i . In the case of 4 and 6 only the reaction analogue to 3 → a → b → g ?12/13 takes place. The isomeric aldehyds 25–27 formed from 2 could have the structures s, t , and v . The former two could be generated in a similar way as 12/13 from 3 , the latter one as shown in Scheme 8.     

Synthèse de céphalosporine-lactones

Condensation of azetidinones 2a and 2b with mercaptan 3 gave respectively compound 10 or a 1:1 mixture of 17 and 17 ′. Bromination of 10 , afforded cis and trans-bromohydrins 13a and of 17 and 17 ′ cis and trans-bromohydrins 18a . Acetylation and reduction with zinc and acetic acid of these bromohydrins gave cephems 4a or 4b and 4b ′ respectively.     

Bestimmung des Gleichgewichts der salpetrigen Säure mit Nitritacidium-Ion auf chemischem Wege

Zusammenfassung Die Struktur des Nitritacidium-Ions¹ kann nach einer Interpretation vonSeel mit der Mesomerie zwischen zwei Grenzzuständen A und B (s. S. 428) erklärt werden. Es ist anzunehmen, daß sich bei einer Verminderung der Aktivität des Wassers der Resonanzzustand des Ions in Richtung von A nach B verschiebt. In sehr schwach perchlorsaurer, wäßriger Lösung läßt sich die Gleichgewichtskonstante der Bildung des Nitritacidium-Ions aus salpetriger Säure und Wasserstoffion aus kinetischen Daten vonHermann Schmid näherungsweise berechnen. In sehr stark perchlorsaurer, wäßriger Lösung läßt sich diese Gleichgewichtskonstante unter Verwendung der SäurefunktionJ ₀ aus Gleichgewichtsmessungen des Salpetrigsäurezerfalles ermitteln. (Der gefundene Wert stimmt mit den vonSeel und vonDeno, Berkheimer, Evans undPeterson aus optischen Untersuchungen erhaltenen Werten und mit dem kürzlich vonGerhard Schmid undU. Neumann mit Hilfe der NO/NO⁺-Elektrode gemessenen Wert größenordnungsmäßig überein.) Der vonChallis undRidd gefundene Mediumeffekt bei der Diazotierung aromatischer Amine in perchlorsaurer, wäßriger Lösung kann durch die oben erwähnte Verschiebung in der Resonanzstruktur des Nitritacidium-Ions erklärt werden.     

Fenugreek mucilage as a flocculating agent for sewage treatment

The use of fenugreek mucilage, a natural polysaccharide and a direct food additive, as a flocculating agent for removal of suspended and dissolved solids from sewage effluent has been reported. A flocculation study has been done by the standard jar test method. The percent removal of suspended solid (SS) and dissolved solid (TDS) was determined by varying the polymer dose, pH and contact time. X-ray diffraction patterns of the solid waste material of mucilage and flocs (so obtained after treatment) were used to suggest the incorporation of the crystalline waste material in the mucilage. The optimal mucilage concentration was found to be 0.16 mg/l. The suitable pH range for maximum solid removal (SS and TDS) was alkaline and the time required for treatment was 1-3 h.