Radical of filters in BL‐algebras

In this paper, the notion of the radical of a filter in BL‐algebras is defined and several characterizations of the radical of a filter are given. Also we prove that A/F is an MV‐algebra if and only if D_s(A) ? F. After that we define the notion of semi maximal filter in BL‐algebras and we state and prove some theorems which determine the relationship between this notion and the other types of filters of a BL‐algebra. Moreover, we prove that A/F is a semi simple BL‐algebra if and only if F is a semi maximal filter of A. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim     

The electrospun poly(ε‐caprolactone)/fluoridated hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering

Biodegradable cell‐incorporated scaffolds can guide the regeneration process of bone defects such as physiological resorption, tooth loss, and trauma which medically, socially, and economically hurt patients. Here, 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt% fluoridated hydroxyapatite (FHA) nanoparticles containing 25 wt% F^? and 75 wt% OH^? were incorporated into poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) matrix to produce PCL/FHA nanocomposite scaffolds using electrospinning method. Then, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to evaluate the morphology, phase structure, and functional groups of prepared electrospun scaffolds, respectively. Furthermore, the tensile strength and elastic modulus of electrospun scaffolds were investigated using the tensile test. Moreover, the biodegradation behavior of electrospun PCL/FHA scaffolds was studied by the evaluation of weight loss of mats and the alternation of pH in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) up to 30 days of incubation. Then, the biocompatibility of prepared mats was investigated by culturing MG‐63 osteoblast cell line and performing MTT assay. In addition, the adhesion of osteoblast cells on prepared electrospun scaffolds was studied using their SEM images. Results revealed that the fiber diameter of prepared electrospun PCL/FHA scaffolds alters between 700 and 900 nm. The mechanical assay illustrated the mat with 10 wt% FHA nanoparticles revealed the highest tensile strength and elastic modulus. The weight loss alternation of mats determined around 1% to 8% after 30 days of incubation. The biocompatibility and cell adhesion of mats improved by increasing the amounts of FHA nanoparticles.     

Analyzing solubility of acid gas and light alkanes in triethylene glycol

Physical solvents such as ethylene glycol （EG）, diethylene glycol （DEG）, and triethylene glycol （TEG） are commonly used in wet gas dehydration processes with TEG being the most popular due to ease of regeneration and low solvent losses. Unfortunately, TEG absorbs significantly more hydrocarbons and acid gases than EG or DEG. Quantifying this amount of absorption is therefore critical in order to minimize hydrocarbon losses or to optimize hydrocarbon recovery depending on the objective of the process. In this article, a new correlation that fully covers the operating ranges of TEG dehydration units is developed in order to determine the solubility of light alkanes and acid gases in TEG solvent. The influence of several parameters on hydrocarbon and acid gas solubility including temperature, pressure, and solvent content is also examined.     

Adsorption of hydrogen and methane on intrinsic and alkali metal cations-doped Zn<Subscript>2</Subscript>(NDC)<Subscript>2</Subscript>(diPyTz) metal–organic framework using GCMC simulations

In this study, the adsorption of hydrogen and methane on the Zn₂(NDC)₂(diPyTz) [(NDC = 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate, diPyTz = di-3,6-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine)] metal–organic framework (MOF) and the effect of its doping with alkali metal cations (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) were investigated using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicated that the triply catenating Zn₂(NDC)₂(diPyTz), possessing small pores preferentially adsorbed hydrogen. Doping of Zn₂(NDC)₂(diPyTz) with alkali metal cations enhanced the hydrogen adsorption on the MOF. However, this enhancement became weaker as the atomic number of metal cation increased. The simulation results showed that the hydrogen adsorption on the Li⁺-doped Zn₂(NDC)₂(diPyTz) was almost 2.35 times greater than that of the corresponding undoped MOF at low pressure and room temperature. This suggests that the doping of MOFs with alkali metal cations especially lithium is a desired strategy for hydrogen storage. Furthermore, the results revealed that the adsorption of hydrogen on the Zn₂(NDC)₂(diPyTz) was higher than that of methane at room temperature.     

Analysis of a series of chlorogenic acid isomers using differential ion mobility and tandem mass spectrometry

Chlorogenic acids are among the most abundant phenolics found in the human diet. Of these, the mono-caffeoylquinic acids are the predominant phenolics found in fruits, such as apples and pears, and products derived from them. In this research, a comprehensive study of the electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) dissociation behavior of the three most common mono-caffeoylquinic acids, namely 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA) and 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA), were determined using both positive and negative ionization. All proposed structures of the observed product ions were confirmed with second-generation MS³ experiments. Similarities and differences between the dissociation pathways in the positive and negative ion modes are discussed, confirming the proposed structures and the established MS/MS fingerprints. MS/MS dissociation was primarily driven via the cleavage of the ester bond linking the quinic acid moiety to the caffeic acid moiety within tested molecules. Despite being structural isomers with the same m/z values and dissociation behaviors, the MS/MS data in the negative ion mode was able to differentiate the three isomers based on ion intensity for the major product ions, observed at m/z 191, 179 and 173. This differentiation was consistent among various MS instruments. In addition, ESI coupled with high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (ESI-FAIMS-MS) was employed for the separation of these compounds for the first time. By combining MS/MS data and differential ion mobility, a method for the separation and identification of mono-caffeoylquinic in apple/pear juice samples was developed with a run time of less than 1 min. It is envisaged that this methodology could be used to identify pure juices based on their chlorogenic acid profile (i.e., metabolomics), and could also be used to detect juice-to-juice adulteration (e.g., apple juice addition to pear juice).     

Practical and theoretical study on the α-substituent effect on α-diimine Nickel(II) and Cobalt(II)-based catalysts for polymerization of ethylene

The Late transition metal catalysts based on Ni(II) and Co(II) were synthesized and their structure and activity in polymerization of ethylene were compared. Methylaluminoxane (MAO) was used as a co-catalyst. To discover the optimum polymerization conditions, the effect of polymerization temperature, monomer pressure, [Al]: [Ni] molar ratio and time of polymerization were studied. Activity of the catalysts was promoted by increasing of the monomer pressure. The viscosity average molecular weights M_v of the synthesized polymers using 1,2-bis(2,4,6-trimethyl phenyl imino) acenaphthene Nickel(II) dibromide were increased with increasing of the monomer pressure from 1 up to 6 bar which studied. Explicitly, the ortho-substituent has a significant effect on the catalyst behavior. Melting point and crystallinity of the obtained polyethylene using 1,2-bis(2,4,6-trimethyl phenyl imino) acenaphthene Nickel(II) dibromide catalyst were increased with enhancing monomer pressure. The optimum and stable structures were computed and some factors related to the activity were studied. Catalyst 1,2-bis(2,4,6-trimethyl phenyl imino) acenaphthene Nickel(II) dibromide had the highest activity with the highest quantities of dipole moment (18.29 Debye), charge of Mullikan on metal atom (1.48) and Sum of electronic and thermal Energies (–7906.52 e.u.).     

Electromembrane extraction of tartrazine from food samples: Effects of nano‐sorbents on membrane performance

In the present study, for the first time electromembrane extraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection was developed and validated for the determination of tartrazine in some food samples. The parameters influencing electromembrane extraction were evaluated and optimized. The membrane consists of 1‐octanol immobilized in the pores of a hollow fiber. As a driving force, a 30 V electrical field was applied to make the analyte migrate from sample solution with pH 3, through the supported liquid membrane into an acceptor solution with pH 10. Best preconcentration (enrichment factor >21) was obtained in extraction duration of 15 min. Effects of some solid nano‐sorbents like carbon nanotubes and molecularly imprinted polymers on membrane performance and electromembrane extraction efficiency were evaluated. The method provided the linearity in the range 25–1000 ng/mL for tartrazine (R² > 0.9996) with repeatability range (RSD) between 3.8 and 8.5% (n = 3). The limits of detection and quantitation were 7.5 and 25 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, the method was applied to the determination and quantification of tartrazine from some food samples with relative recoveries in the range between 90 and 98%.     

A review on the applications of micro-/nano-encapsulated phase change material slurry in heat transfer and thermal storage systems

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - In modern heat transfer systems, thermal storage not only causes the balance between demand and supply, but also improves the heat transfer efficiency...     

Experimental study and nuclear model calculation for 65Zn production

Excitation functions and theoretical yields via charge particle induced reactions were evaluated using EMPIRE-3.2.2 and ALICE/ASH codes and the obtained results have been discussed and compared with the available reported experimental data. It has been verified that ^natCu(p,n)⁶⁵Zn reaction is the optimum ⁶⁵Zn production route. The ⁶⁵Zn was produced using ^natCu(p,xn) ⁶⁵Zn reaction in the energy range of 16.8 → 12.2 MeV with the thick target yield of 0.15 ± 0.005 MBq/μA h. The ⁶⁵Zn radionuclide was purified by anion exchange chromatography.

     

Tests of perfect judgment ranking using pseudo-samples

Ranked set sampling (RSS) is a sampling approach that can produce improved statistical inference when the ranking process is perfect. While some inferential RSS methods are robust to imperfect rankings, other methods may fail entirely or provide less efficiency. We develop a nonparametric procedure to assess whether the rankings of a given RSS are perfect. We generate pseudo-samples with a known ranking and use them to compare with the ranking of the given RSS sample. This is a general approach that can accommodate any type of raking, including perfect ranking. To generate pseudo-samples, we consider the given sample as the population and generate a perfect RSS. The test statistics can easily be implemented for balanced and unbalanced RSS. The proposed tests are compared using Monte Carlo simulation under different distributions and applied to a real data set.