Direct evidence for hydrated protons as the active species in artificial photocatalytic water reduction into hydrogen

Photocatalytic water reduction to hydrogen over oxide semiconductors is one of the most extensively investigated artificial photocatalytic reactions, but the nature of the active species has not yet been elucidated. Here, we successfully prepared Pt/rutile TiO_2(110) surfaces with hydrated proton species via co-adsorption of hydrogen and water and observed the photocatalytic reduction of hydrated protons to H_2 upon UV light illumination. These results provide experimental evidence to prove hydrated protons as the active species for photocatalytic water reduction to hydrogen and demonstrate the occurrence of photocatalytic reduction of hydrated protons to H_2 within the H-bonding network on the catalyst surface instead of directly on the catalyst surface. The Pt-TiO_2 interface is capable of dissociating water to form hydroxyl groups that facilitate the formation of H-bonding network on the catalyst surface to enhance the photocatalytic H_2 production. Our results greatly advance fundamental understanding of artificial photocatalytic water reduction.     

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters under simultaneous parametric and external excitations

The nonlinear dynamics of cantilevered piezoelectric beams is investigated under simultaneous parametric and external excitations. The beam is composed of a substrate and two piezoelectric layers and assumed as an Euler–Bernoulli model with inextensible deformation. A nonlinear distributed parameter model of cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters is proposed using the generalized Hamilton's principle. The proposed model includes geometric and inertia nonlinearity, but neglects the material nonlinearity. Using the Galerkin decomposition method and harmonic balance method, analytical expressions of the frequency–response curves are presented when the first bending mode of the beam plays a dominant role. Using these expressions, we investigate the effects of the damping, load resistance, electromechanical coupling, and excitation amplitude on the frequency–response curves. We also study the difference between the nonlinear lumped-parameter and distributedparameter model for predicting the performance of the energy harvesting system. Only in the case of parametric excitation, we demonstrate that the energy harvesting system has an initiation excitation threshold below which no energy can be harvested.We also illustrate that the damping and load resistance affect the initiation excitation threshold.     

“翻转课堂”教学模式在大学物理实验教学中的探索与实践

为了激发学生的学习兴趣,增强学生自主思考、主动学习的意识和创新研究能力,基于"翻转课堂"模式,对我校目前开设的以验证性为主的工科大学物理实验项目进行教学设计及实践应用。从教学目标的制定、教学活动的实施等方面对大学物理实验教学进行了初步的改革探讨和实践,取得了较好的教学效果。     

探究式教学在分光计实验教学中的应用

分光计的调整与应用实验中涉及到望远镜、平行光管以及光栅等多部件的调节,通过实施探究式教学模式的改革尝试,极大提高了学生在调节操作过程中的兴趣,同时增强了学生的动手能力、创新意识、主动性和团队协作能力。     

Electric Field-driven Acid-base Transformation: Proton Transfer from Acid(HBr/HF) to Base(NH3/H2O)

The proton-transfer between ammonia/water and HF/HBr without and with the stimulus of external electric fields(E_ext) was investigated with the ab initio calculations. When external electric field is applied, the proton transfer occurs, resulting in ion-paired H₄N⁺X^- and H₃O⁺X^-(X=Br and F) from hydrogen-bonded complexes in view of the great changes of geometrical structures, dipole moments, frontier molecular orbitals and potential energy surfaces in the critical external electric fields(E_c) of 1.131×107 V/cm for H₃N-HBr, 1.378×108 V/cm for H₃N-HF, 9.358×107 V/cm for H₂O-HBr and 2.304×108 V/cm for H₂O-HF, respectively. Furthermore, one or three excess electrons can trigger the proton transfer from H₃N-HBr and H₃N-HF to H₄N⁺Br^- and H₄N⁺F^-, while two and four excess electrons can induce the proton transfer from H₂O-HBr and H₂O-HF to H₃O⁺Br^- and H₃O⁺F^-, respectively. Compared with that of the analogous NH₃/H₂O-HCl systems, the strength of E_c of proton transfer increases from HBr to HCl and HF for either H₃N-HX or H₂O-HX series, which is understandable by the fact that the acidity sequence is HBr>HCl>HF. And the larger of acidity of conjugated acid, the smaller of needed E_c. On the other hand, the E_c for the systems of NH₃ with a stronger basicity is generally smaller than that of H₂O systems for the same conjugated acid.     

Fabrication and characterization of Bi2Te3 nanoplates via a simple solvothermal process

Bi₂Te₃ nanoplates have been successfully obtained by a novel solvothermal method in the presence of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) have been used to characterize the obtained products. The results show that the as-synthesized samples are rhombohedral-structured Bi₂Te₃ single-crystal nanoplates about 70–200 nm in diagonal and 30 nm in thickness, and the growth direction is perpendicular to c-axis. The existence of CTAB is vital to the formation of the plate-like morphology. In addition, the reaction solvents also have important influence on the shape-control of final products.     

脉冲激光偏振特性用于目标的探测识别

针对光电探测时仅用强度来处理信息的局限性,通过理论分析,提出一种利用脉冲激光反射、散射偏振态时间、空间相关检测的方法,可以克服由于强度差过小带来的目标检测上的困难.利用分析结论,通过计算偏振分布密度函数(Stokes矢量的概率密度函数),进一步讨论了偏振传递函数的特性,用于识别目标,并给出了计算实例.     

太阳能与冷热电联产系统集成

本文研究太阳能与冷热电联产系统集成,增加槽式太阳能集热器,利用中低温太阳能.在相对节能率的基础上提出全年相对节能率,并采用全年相对节能率评价新系统,用以确定最佳太阳能集热器面积.用软件Aspen Plus模拟流程,装机容量275 kW时,太阳能集热器面积增加,新系统的全年相对节能率先增加后减少,最大全年节能率值为32.7%,而常规系统的全年节能率为30.7%,新系统较常规系统的全年节能率相对提高了6.5%,最佳太阳能集热面积为350 m2.对于不同装机容量,设计最佳太阳能集热器面积;对于同一装机容量,讨论太阳辐射强度及日照时间对最佳太阳能集热面积的影响.     

大气湍流对激光通信系统的影响

从分析激光在大气湍流场中的传输方程出发,忽略系统中的其它噪声,仅考虑由大气喘流引起的系统误码率,讨论了激光信号在传输过程中的振幅起伏以及强度起伏;推导出由大气湍流引起的光强起伏和系统误码率的关系,结果表明:在弱起伏条件下,对于系统误码率为10－9以下的要求,光强起伏应小于0.67;随着湍流强度C2n的增大,误码率增加很快;采用长波长的激光进行传输可以有效地降低系统误码率.     

气侵期间环空气液两相流动研究

本文建立了描述钻井气侵期间井眼气液两相流偏微分方程组,该方程组既考虑了不同渗透率的储层与储层钻开不同厚度下的气体侵入井眼情况,也给出了这种情况下该偏微分方程组的求解方法。利用实验数据进行了模拟,揭示了环空气液两相流型与流动参数变化特征,据此,能够为安全有效地井控提供理论基础。