Distribution of charge in the process of coating Fe powder by electrolysis in a fluidized bed

Theoretical calculations of the amount of Ni that is applied electrolytically in the form of a coating on Fe powder particles in a fluidized bed are based upon the assumption of distribution of charge between the surface of the solid cathode and the powder particles present in the working volume of the electrolyte. The experimentally measured data show good agreement with theory. The efficiency of the coating process is rather low because of inhibition of the process by hydroxocomplexes formed in the course of electrolysis. The inhibition effect becomes more significant in the case of high suspension density, small powder particles, high current density, and prolonged time of electrolysis. Received: 5 May 1997 / Accepted: 30 June 1997     

New architectures of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(methylthiirane) in block copolymers

Two synthetic ways were experimented to prepare new architectures of block copolymers made of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(methylthiirane). The coupling of both blocks conveniently end-capped as well as anionic polymerization of methylthiirane initiated by PEG-thiols gave readily the copolymers. Their characterization by ¹H NMR, SEC and IR confirmed the expected structures.     

Synthesis of Gd-DTPA-cholesterol: a new lipophilic gadolinium complex as a potential MRI contrast agent

A straightforward and efficient synthesis of Gd-DTPA-cholesterol is reported. This new lipophilic gadolinium complex can be easily incorporated into mixed micelles in order to achieve MRI contrast agents with increased relaxivity. These supramolecular systems can find potential application in magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).     

Compression of Self‐Assembled Nano‐Objects: 2D/3D Transitions in Films of (Perfluoroalkyl)Alkanes—Persistence of an Organized Array of Surface Micelles

Understanding and controlling the molecular organization of amphiphilic molecules at interfaces is essential for materials and biological sciences. When spread on water, the model amphiphiles constituted by C_nF_2n+1C_mH_2m+1 (FnHm) diblocks spontaneously self‐assemble into surface hemimicelles. Therefore, compression of monolayers of FnHm diblocks is actually a compression of nanometric objects. Langmuir films of F8H16, F8H18, F8H20, and F10H16 can actually be compressed far beyond the “collapse” of their monolayers at ～30 Ų. For molecular areas A between 30 and 10 Ų, a partially reversible, 2D/3D transition occurs between a monolayer of surface micelles and a multilayer that coexist on a large plateau. For A<10 Ų, surface pressure increases again, reaching up to ～48 mN m^?1 before the film eventually collapses. Brewster angle microscopy and AFM indicate a several‐fold increase in film thickness when scanning through the 2D/3D coexistence plateau. Compression beyond the plateau leads to a further increase in film thickness and, eventually, to film disruption. Reversibility was assessed by using compression–expansion cycles. AFM of F8H20 films shows that the initial monolayer of micelles is progressively covered by one (and eventually two) bilayers, which leads to a hitherto unknown organized composite arrangement. Compression of films of the more rigid F10H16 results in crystalline‐like inflorescences. For both diblocks, a hexagonal array of surface micelles is consistently seen, even when the 3D structures eventually disrupt, which means that this monolayer persists throughout the compression experiments. Two examples of pressure‐driven transformations of films of self‐assembled objects are thus provided. These observations further illustrate the powerful self‐assembling capacity of perfluoroalkyl chains.     

Aktivierungsanalytische Gem?ldeuntersuchungen

Zusammenfassung Aktivierungsanalytisch wurden die Spurengehalte an Mn, Cu, Ba, Cr, Ag und Sb im Bleiweiß von Gemälden der Alten Pinakothek bestimmt. In Modellversuchen wurde ein aus radiochemischer Trennung und -Spektrometrie kombiniertes Analysenverfahren ausgearbeitet. Die Nachweisgrenzen lagen bei 5 · 10^–10 g für Ba, 2 · 10^–10 g für Cr, 10^–10 g für Ag und Cu, 10^–11 g für Mn und Sb. Für eine Analyse standen zum Teil nur 10 g Bleiweiß zur Verfügung. Es wurde vorwiegend Bleiweiß aus Gemälden venezianischer und niederländischer Meister des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts analysiert, wobei sich eindeutige Unterschiede im Mn-, Ag- und Sb-Gehalt von venezianischem und niederländischem Bleiweiß ergaben. Modernes und altes Bleiweiß zeigen große Unterschiede vor allem im Cu- und Ba-Gehalt; dies kann zur Fälschungserkennung dienen.

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Summary Trace concentrations of Mn, Cu, Ba, Cr, Ag, and Sb in white-lead samples of paintings of the Alte Pinakothek were determined by activation analysis. In model experiments an analytical method comprising radiochemical separation and -spectroscopy was developed. The limits of identification were about 5 · 10^–10 g for Ba, 2 · 10^–10 g for Cr, 10^–10 g for Ag and Cu, 10^–11 g for Mn and Sb. Partly there were available only 10 g of white lead for one analysis. Predominately white-lead samples from paintings of Venetian and Dutch masters of the 16th and 17th centuries were analysed. In these samples unambiguous differences were found in the Mn, Ag, and Sb concentrations. Modern and old white lead show great differences mainly in Cu and Ba concentrations; this may be used for the recognition of forgeries.

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Auszugsweise vorgetragen auf der Tagung in Lindau. Lux, F., u. L. Braunstein: Angew. Chem. 78, 720 (1966).

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Auszug aus der von der Fakultät für Allgemeine Wissenschaften der Technischen Hochschule München genehmigten Dissertation über Die aktivierungsanalytische Bestimmung des Spurengehaltes im Bleiweiß von Gemälden der Alten Pinakothek des Dipl.-Chem. Lothar Braunstein.

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Herrn Dr. H. Kühn vom Doerner-Institut für Konservierung und naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchung von Kunstwerken, München, sind wir für zahlreiche wertvolle Anregungen, besonders bei der Auswahl der Gemälde, sowie für die Beschaffung der Analysenproben zu besonderem Dank verpflichtet.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. H.-J. Born danken wir herzlich für die Unterstützung dieser Arbeit. Der Bestrahlungsgruppe des FRM unter Leitung von Herrn Dipl.-Phys. G. Rau danken wir für die sorgfältige Durchführung der Bestrahlungen.Dem Bundesministerium für wissenschaftliche Forschung und der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft gilt unser Dank für finanzielle Unterstützung.     

The Asymmetric Hetero‐Diels–Alder Reaction in the Syntheses of Biologically Relevant Compounds

The hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction is one of the most powerful transformations in the chemistry toolbox for the synthesis of aza‐ and oxa‐heterocycles embodying multiple stereogenic centers. However, as compared to other cycloadditions, in particular the dipolar cycloadditions and the Diels–Alder reaction, the hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction has been much less explored and exploited in organic synthesis. Nevertheless, this powerful transformation has opened up efficient and creative routes to biologically relevant small molecules and different natural products which contain six‐membered oxygen or nitrogen ring systems. Recent developments in this field, in particular in the establishment of enantioselectively catalyzed hetero‐Diels–Alder cycloadditions steered by a plethora of different catalysts and the application of the resulting small molecules in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry research, are highlighted in this Minireview.     

The Protonation of Acetamide and Thioacetamide in Super­acidic Solutions: Crystal Structures of [H3CC(OH)NH2]+AsF6– and [H3CC(SH)NH2]+AsF6–

Acetamide and thioacetamide react with the superacid solutions HF/MF₅ (M = As, Sb) under formation of the corresponding salts [H₃CC(OH)NH₂]⁺MF₆^– and [H₃CC(SH)NH₂]⁺MF₆^– (M = As, Sb), respectively. The reaction of DF/AsF₅ with acetamide and thioacetamide lead to the corresponding deuterated salts [H₃CC(OD)ND₂]⁺AsF₆^– and [H₃CC(SD)ND₂]⁺AsF₆^–, respectively_. The salts are characterized by vibrational and NMR spectroscopy, and in the case of [H₃CC(OH)NH₂]⁺AsF₆^– and [H₃CC(SH)NH₂]⁺AsF₆^– also by single‐crystal X‐ray analyses. The [H₃CC(OH)NH₂]⁺AsF₆^– ( 1 ) salt crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$ with two formula units per unit cell, and the [H₃CC(SH)NH₂]⁺AsF₆^– ( 2 ) salt crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with four formula units per unit cell. In both crystal structures three‐dimensional networks are observed which are formed by intra‐ and intermolecular N–H ··· F and O–H ··· F or S–H ··· F hydrogen bonds, respectively. For the vibrational analyses, quantum chemically calculated spectra of the cations [H₃CC(OH)NH₂ · 3HF]⁺ and [H₃CC(SH)NH₂ · 2HF]⁺ are considered.     

Die neue Gaswage Modell C E

Ohne ZusammenfassungLudwigshafen am Rhein, den 11. November 1889.     

输出2TW/45fs的掺钛蓝宝石超短脉冲强激光系统

建立了一套基于啁啾脉冲放大技术,输出峰值功率达到2.8TW的掺钛蓝宝石激光系统。压缩脉冲的中心波长为785nm,能量为120mJ,脉冲宽度43.3fs,能量稳定性±5%,输出的光束质量M~2<1.5,脉冲重复频率10Hz,运转稳定可靠。整套激光系统实现了小型化,占用的光学平台不足10m²。