The Nature of Electronic Charge

Advances in gauge theories and unified theories have not thrown light on the meaning of electron. The problem of the origin of electronic charge is made precise, new insights gained from Weyl space are summarized, and the origin of charge in terms of fractional spin is suggested. A new perspective on the abelian Chern-Simons theory is presented to explain charge.     

Advances in constant-velocity Mössbauer instrumentation

A prototype of a programmable constant-velocity scaler is presented. This instrument allows the acquisition of partial Mössbauer spectra in selected energy regions using standard drivers and transducers. It can be fully operated by a remote application, thus data acquisition can be automated. The instrument consists of a programmable counter and a constant-velocity reference. The reference waveform generator is amplitude modulated with 13-bit resolution, and is programmable in a wide range of frequencies and waveforms in order to optimize the performance of the transducer. The counter is compatible with most standard SCA, and is configured as a rate-meter that provides counts per selectable time slice at the programmed velocity. As a demonstration of the instrument applications, a partial Mössbauer spectrum of a natural iron foil was taken. Only positive energies were studied in 512 channels, accumulating 20 s per channel. A line width of 0.20 mm/s was achieved, performing with an efficiency of 80%.     

Critical dynamics of the Potts model in several dimensionalities

We study critical dynamics of general q-state Potts models on d-dimensional hypercubic lattices. The master equation is formulated according to a theory recently presented by the author. A simple bond moving technique, followed by decimation, is used to obtain the dynamical exponents. Although this approximation yields poor results for the static exponents, the dynamic behaviour is closer to Monte Carlo simulations. We compare our results with those obtained with a different formulation of dynamics. A final discussion is included.     

Time interval distributions of atoms in atomic beams

We report an experimental investigation of two-particle correlations between neutral atoms in a Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment. Both an atom laser beam and a pseudo-thermal atomic beam are extracted from a Bose–Einstein condensate and the atom flux is measured with a single atom counter. We determine the conditional and the unconditional detection probabilities for the atoms in the beam and find good agreement with the theoretical predictions. PACS 03.75.Pp; 05.30.Jp; 07.77.Gx; 42.50.Pq     

Signed degree sets in signed graphs

The set D of distinct signed degrees of the vertices in a signed graph G is called its signed degree set. In this paper, we prove that every non-empty set of positive (negative) integers is the signed degree set of some connected signed graph and determine the smallest possible order for such a signed graph. We also prove that every non-empty set of integers is the signed degree set of some connected signed graph.     

On almost-sure versions of classical limit theorems for dynamical systems

The purpose of this article is to support the idea that “whenever we can prove a limit theorem in the classical sense for a dynamical system, we can prove a suitable almost-sure version based on an empirical measure with log-average”. We follow three different approaches: martingale methods, spectral methods and induction arguments. Our results apply, among others, to Axiom A maps or flows, to systems inducing a Gibbs–Markov map, and to the stadium billiard.     

Pressure recovery system for a high-power HF/DF laser: implementation practice

The matter of development of a high-performance pressure recovery system (PRS) for a high-power HF/DF laser is discussed. A sequence of design steps is proposed, which involves estimation of basic characteristics of PRS components with the help of one-dimensional integral and semi-empirical procedures; simulation, to be performed using three-dimensional non-stationary Navier — Stokes equations; experimental modelling aimed at verification of the calculation procedures and at refinement of obtained parameters; and a fullscale experiment. An ejector-type system providing for recovery of pressure from 12 Torr to atmospheric pressure in the gas-dynamic system of an HF/DF laser of several-tens-kilowatt power is developed. Matching conditions for parameters of individual PRS components as well as joint functioning of the PRS with a continuous chemical laser in an integral complex are analysed. Conditions for minimization of mass-dimensional characteristics of the laser-PRS complex necessary for the development of ground-based mobile systems are identified.     

Photoemission studies of oxygen adsorbed on a LiAl(1 1 0) alloy surface: Role of Li segregation

We investigated that the effect of the number of segregated Li atoms on the rate of oxidation on a LiAl alloy surface. Oxygen molecules adsorbed on the LiAl alloy react with the surface atoms to form stable oxides. The segregated Li atoms at reconstructed surfaces (c(2×2) and (2×1)) enhance the oxidation rate and form stable LiAlO_x and Li₂O. The degree of enhancement of oxidation by segregated Li atoms varies as a function of O₂ exposure and annealing temperature, where the latter is directly related to the mode of surface reconstruction by Li segregation.     

Markarian 8星系的包层辐射

使用美国甚大天线阵(VLA).对Markarian 8星系进行了多频观测.多频VLA观测表明,Markarian 8星系有三个主要的射电子成份,它们浸在一个弥漫的星系包层中.包层的射电谱是陡的非热谱.本文根据VLA观测确定了包层的物理参量,并讨论了包层中相对论性电子的可能起因.本文估计了包层非热辐射所要求的超新星爆发率.     

Generation of red light at 660 nm by frequency doubling a Nd:YAG laser with periodically-poled stoichiometric LiTaO<Subscript>3</Subscript>

High power red light was generated from a periodically-poled stoichiometric LiTaO₃ (PPSLT) by single-pass frequency doubling of a diode-side-pumped, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 1319 nm. An average power of 2.4 W of the 660 nm red light was obtained at the fundamental power of ∼5.4 W with the conversion efficiency up to 44.4% and with low fluctuation down to 2%. The high efficiency and stability at the red output indicate that it is a practical method to construct a reliable compact red laser. PACS 42.70.Mp; 42.79.Nv; 42.55.Xi