Pt/ZnO 在室温水相无碱条件下绿色催化苯甲醇选择性氧化

醇类化合物选择性氧化是有机合成中一个非常重要的反应, 在精细化工领域具有重要应用. 而以水为绿色溶剂, 分子氧为绿色氧化剂实现醇类化合物选择性氧化是绿色化学领域的一大挑战. Pt 催化剂由于其优异的活化氧气和 C-H 键的能力在该反应中得到了广泛应用. 但是, 常规的 Pt 催化剂通常需要在较高温度和较高氧气压力以及加碱的条件下才能发挥作用, 从而引起了催化剂腐蚀等一系列问题. 从绿色化学角度出发, 进一步优化 Pt 催化剂, 让其能够在室温无碱条件下以空气为氧化剂选择性氧化醇类合成羰基化合物具有重要的研究价值和应用前景.本文通过化学还原法制备了 Pt/ZnO 催化剂, 系统研究了该催化剂在水相无碱条件下选择性氧化苯甲醇生成苯甲醛反应中的催化性能. X 射线电子衍射和透射电镜等结果表明, Pt 颗粒较小(3.2 ± 0.3 nm), 均匀分散在 ZnO 载体上; X 射线光电子能谱表明 ZnO 载体能够稳定 Pt 纳米颗粒表面的 Pt0物种. 上述催化剂在水相苯甲醇选择性氧化反应中, 在室温下即可催化空气高选择性氧化苯甲醇到苯甲醛 (选择性>99%), 并表现出比 Pt/SiO2, Pt/Al2O3, Pt/TiO2, Pt/Ca(Mg)-ZSM-5 等催化剂更为优异的催化活性. 这可归结于 Pt 和 ZnO 之间的协同作用. 该协同作用通过动力学实验和密度泛函理论计算 (DFT)得到了证实. 氧分压实验表明, 在以空气为氧化剂时, O2的活化并不是限制 Pt/ZnO 催化活性的关键因素, 而动力学同位素效应实验则证实了苯甲醇的 C-H 键活化是整个反应的决速步骤. 通过构建不同的理论模型, 分别计算了 Pt/ZnO 界面处以及纯 Pt 位点上苯甲醇选择性氧化的反应过程. 结果表明, 苯甲醇和氧气分子倾向于分别在 ZnO 和 Pt 上进行吸附, 随后由吸附的氧气分子来活化苯甲醇中的 C-H 键, 进而生成苯甲醛和水. 而当 ZnO 不参与苯甲醇的吸附活化时, 整个反应的活化能会大大提高, 表明 ZnO 和 Pt 之间的协同作用对于整个反应至关重要. 此外, Pt/ZnO 表现出非常优异的稳定性, 循环使用 4 次后, 催化剂结构以及催化活性没有显著变化.进一步向 Pt/ZnO 催化剂中引入少量 Bi 元素对 Pt 的电子结构进行修饰, 可以将 Pt/ZnO 的催化活性提高 3 倍. 所制备的 Pt/Bi-ZnO 复合物是目前报道的相同条件下催化苯甲醇选择性氧化反应转化频率 (45.1 h-1)最高的催化剂.     

15-deoxy-isoxeniolide-A,new diterpenoid from a bornean soft coral,Xenia sp.

A new xenicane diterpenoid, 15-deoxy-isoxeniolide-A (1) along with four known compounds 9-deoxy-isoxeniolide-A (2), isoxeniolide-A (3), xeniolide-A (4) and coraxeniolide-B (5) were isolated from the Bornean soft coral Xenia sp. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis, NMR and HRESIMS. Compound 5 showed cytotoxic activity against ATL cell line, S1T.     

Relative Lewis basicities of six AI(ORF)4- superweak anions and the structures of LiA

The relative Lewis basicities of six Al(ORF)4- ions, Al[OC(CH3)(CF3)2]4-, Al(OC(CF3)3]4-, Al(OCPh(CF3)2]4-, Al[OC[4-C6H4(tBu)](CF3)2]4-, Al(OC(Cy)(CF3)2]4-, and Al(OCPh2(CF3)]4-, have been determined by measuring their relative coordinating abilities towards Li+ in dichloromethane. The relative Li- Lewis basicities of the Al(ORF)4- ions are linearly related to the aqueous pKa values of the corresponding parent HORF fluoroalcohols. The Lewis basicity of Al[OCH(CF3)2]4- could not be measured because two of these anions can coordinate to one Li+ cation. The structures of LiAl[OCH(CF3)2]4 and [1-Et-3-Me-1,3-C3H3N2][Li[Al[OCH(CF3)2)4]2] were determined.     

Cover Picture

The cover picture shows a section of the electron charge density of the first metal carbide endohedral metallofullerene (Sc(2)C(2))@C(84) obtained from a synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction study by the maximum entropy method (MEM). The several density maxima, which correspond to scandium and carbon atoms, are clearly seen inside the C(84) carbon cage. The MEM charge density distribution also reveals that the C(84) cage has D(2d) symmetry (no. 23) and that the C(2) axis is parallel to the <100> face-centered cubic (fcc) direction of the unit cell. As a consequence of the site symmetry being 4mm, the C(2) axis of (Sc(2)C(2))@C(84) is oriented to six equivalent <100> directions and shows a merohedral disorder. The resultant Sc small middle dot small middle dot small middle dotSc distances and C-C bond lengths of the Sc(2)C(2) cluster are 0.429(2) and 0.142(6) nm, respectively. The observed C-C bond length is between that of a typical single and a double bond, and is very close to that of the C-C bond (0.143 nm) combining two pentagons in a C(60) molecule. More about this fascinating structure can be found in the contribution by Shinohara and co-workers on p. 397 ff.     

Biosynthetic study of amphidinolide B

The biosynthetic origins of amphidinoide B (1) were investigated on the basis of 13C-NMR data of 13C-enriched samples obtained by feeding experiments with [1-(13)C], [2-(13)C], and [1,2-(13)C2] sodium acetates in cultures of a dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp. These incorporation patterns suggested that 1 was generated from three successive polyketide chains, an isolated C1 unit from C-2 of acetates, six branched C1 units from C-2 of acetates, and an "m-m" and an "m-m-m" unit derived only from C-2 of acetates. The labeling patterns of amphidinolide B (1) were different from those of amphidinolide H (2), a 26-membered macrolide closely related to 1.     

Daphnicyclidins A-H, novel hexa- or pentacyclic alkaloids from two species of Daphniphyllum.

Eight highly modified Daphniphyllum alkaloids with unprecedented fused hexa- or pentacyclic skeletons, daphnicyclidins A-H (1-8), have been isolated from the stems of Daphniphyllum humile and D.teijsmanni, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical means. The stereochemistry was elucidated by combination of NOESY correlations, X-ray crystallographic data, and CD analyses.     

Absolute stereochemistry of amphidinolide C

[structure in text] The absolute configurations at 12 chiral centers in amphidinolide C (1), a potent cytotoxic 25-membered macrolide isolated from a marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp., were determined to be 3S, 4R, 6R, 7R, 8R, 12R, 13S, 16S, 20R, 23R, 24R, and 29S by combination of NMR analyses, degradation experiments, and synthesis of the C-1-C-7 segment.     

Theoretical study of endohedral metallofullerenes: Sc3−nLanN@C80 (n=0–3)

To provide theoretical insight into the structures and properties of Sc₃N@C₈₀, which has been isolated in high yield and purity as a new stable endohedral metallofullerene, density functional calculations are carried out for the Sc_3?nLa_nN@C₈₀ (n=0–3) series. Because of electron transfer from Sc₃N to C₈₀, the electronic structure of Sc₃N@C₈₀ is formally described as (Sc₃N)⁶⁺C$_{80}^{6-}$. The encapsulated Sc₃N cluster takes a planar structure with long Sc–Sc distances and is highly stabilized inside the I_h cage of C₈₀, which rotates rapidly. As the number of La atoms increases, the Sc_3?nLa_nN cluster is forced to maintain a pyramidal structure in Sc_3?nLa_nN@C₈₀. In addition, the C₈₀ cage takes an open‐shell electronic structure due to an increase in the number of electrons transferring from Sc_3?nLa_nN. These make the endohedral structure less stable and more reactive. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1353–1358, 2001