Chiral norbornadienes as efficient ligands for the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to fumaric and maleic compounds

[reaction: see text] A rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to fumaric and maleic compounds has been developed. While phosphorus-based chiral ligands fail to induce high stereoselectivity, chiral norbornadiene ligands have proved to be uniquely effective to achieve high enantioselectivity in these 1,4-addition reactions.     

Interpretation of Hund's multiplicity rule for the carbon atom

Hund's multiplicity rule is investigated for the carbon atom using quantum Monte Carlo methods. Our calculations give an accurate account of electronic correlation and obey the virial theorem to high accuracy. This allows us to obtain accurate values for each of the energy terms and therefore to give a convincing explanation of the mechanism by which Hund's rule operates in carbon. We find that the energy gain in the triplet with respect to the singlet state is due to the greater electron-nucleus attraction in the higher spin state, in accordance with Hartree-Fock calculations and studies including correlation. The method used here can easily be extended to heavier atoms.     

Site-selective RNA scission at two sites for precise genotyping of SNPs by mass spectrometry

Short RNA fragments containing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites have been selectively clipped out of substrate RNA by using complementary DNA having two acridine residues and Lu(III), and the genotype of the substrate is accurately and easily determined by mass analysis of these fragments.     

Effects of superspreaders in spread of epidemic

Within the standard SIR model with spatial structure, we propose two models for the superspreader. In one model, superspreaders have intrinsically strong infectiousness. In other model, they have many social connections. By Monte Carlo simulation, we obtain the percolation probability, the propagation speed, the epidemic curve, the distribution of secondary infected and the propagation path as functions of population and the density of superspreaders. By comparing the results with the data of SARS in Singapore 2003, we conclude that the latter model can explain the observation.