全文获取类型
收费全文 | 313839篇 |
免费 | 4242篇 |
国内免费 | 1091篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 170606篇 |
晶体学 | 4457篇 |
力学 | 13029篇 |
综合类 | 7篇 |
数学 | 36263篇 |
物理学 | 94810篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 1983篇 |
2019年 | 1954篇 |
2018年 | 1965篇 |
2017年 | 1875篇 |
2016年 | 3858篇 |
2015年 | 3235篇 |
2014年 | 4421篇 |
2013年 | 13976篇 |
2012年 | 10728篇 |
2011年 | 13363篇 |
2010年 | 8271篇 |
2009年 | 8255篇 |
2008年 | 12337篇 |
2007年 | 12571篇 |
2006年 | 12212篇 |
2005年 | 11154篇 |
2004年 | 10035篇 |
2003年 | 8848篇 |
2002年 | 8700篇 |
2001年 | 10109篇 |
2000年 | 7710篇 |
1999年 | 6115篇 |
1998年 | 4894篇 |
1997年 | 4733篇 |
1996年 | 4773篇 |
1995年 | 4363篇 |
1994年 | 4114篇 |
1993年 | 3940篇 |
1992年 | 4431篇 |
1991年 | 4293篇 |
1990年 | 4011篇 |
1989年 | 3830篇 |
1988年 | 4120篇 |
1987年 | 3784篇 |
1986年 | 3677篇 |
1985年 | 5317篇 |
1984年 | 5395篇 |
1983年 | 4377篇 |
1982年 | 4753篇 |
1981年 | 4793篇 |
1980年 | 4545篇 |
1979年 | 4663篇 |
1978年 | 4665篇 |
1977年 | 4644篇 |
1976年 | 4597篇 |
1975年 | 4508篇 |
1974年 | 4357篇 |
1973年 | 4524篇 |
1972年 | 2569篇 |
1971年 | 1879篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
171.
M. Stangl V. Dittel J. Acker V. Hoffmann W. Gruner S. Strehle K. Wetzig 《Applied Surface Science》2005,252(1):158-161
At room temperature electroplated copper layers exhibit changes in resistivity, residual stress, and microstructure. This process, known as self-annealing, is intimately linked to the release of organic impurities, which stem from the incorporation of organic additives into the Cu layer in the course of the electroplating process. The behavior of these impurities during self-annealing, represented by the carbon content, could be detected by analytical radio frequency glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES) and carrier gas hot extraction (CGHE). The precondition of a quantitative determination is a surface cleaning procedure to remove adsorbed organics from the copper surface. It was observed that at first almost all impurities have to leave the Cu metallization before an accelerated abnormal grain growth can start. The small amount of remaining organic species after self-annealing could be quantified by both examination techniques, GD-OES and CGHE. 相似文献
172.
The decomposition of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) molecules during evaporation of unpurified raw material in ultra high vacuum was studied. The fragments were identified by mass spectrometry and the influence of these fragments and further contaminations of the raw material on the electronic structure of PTCDA thin films was measured by photoemission spectroscopy. Annealing of contaminated PTCDA films was tested as cheap and easy to perform method for (partial) post deposition purification of the contaminated films. 相似文献
173.
Equilibrium Problems with Applications to Eigenvalue Problems 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
In this paper, we consider equilibrium problems and introduce the concept of (S)+ condition for bifunctions. Existence results for equilibrium problems with the (S)+ condition are derived. As special cases, we obtain several existence results for the generalized nonlinear variational inequality studied by Ding and Tarafdar (Ref. 1) and the generalized variational inequality studied by Cubiotti and Yao (Ref. 2). Finally, applications to a class of eigenvalue problems are given. 相似文献
174.
J.-C. Thomas L. Achouri J. Äystö R. Béraud B. Blank G. Canchel S. Czajkowski P. Dendooven A. Ensallem J. Giovinazzo N. Guillet J. Honkanen A. Jokinen A. Laird M. Lewitowicz C. Longour F. de Oliveira Santos K. Peräjärvi M. Stanoiu 《The European Physical Journal A - Hadrons and Nuclei》2004,21(3):419-435
175.
In a recent paper to this journal (Whitman A M et al 2003 Waves Random Media 13 269-86) we derived a set of coupled equations that describe the intermodal scattering of acoustic radiation in a duct whose speed of sound varies randomly in space and time. In the paper we were mainly interested in modes that were not near cutoff. Here we study the solution of these equations in the vicinity of the cutoff. We find that near cutoff almost all the energy is reflected back independent of the other duct parameters. In addition to presenting these results, we analyse the mathematical structure of the equations in these regions in order to elucidate the reason for this behaviour. 相似文献
176.
We show that there are close relations between extremal problems in dual Brunn-Minkowski theory and isotropic-type properties for some Borel measures on the sphere. The methods we use allow us to obtain similar results in the context of Firey-Brunn-Minkowski theory. We also study reverse inequalities for dual mixed volumes which are related with classical positions, such as ?-position or isotropic position. 相似文献
177.
178.
G.P. Romanelli D. Bennardi D.M. Ruiz G. Baronetti H.J. Thomas 《Tetrahedron letters》2004,45(48):8935-8939
Substituted coumarins are synthesized from phenols and β-ketoesters by the Pechmann reaction, using a Wells-Dawson heteropolyacid (H6P2W18O62·24H2O) as catalyst by a solvent-free procedure. This one requires low reaction times, 130 °C temperature and as little as 1 mol % of Wells-Dawson acid, obtaining good to excellent yields of coumarins. The catalyst showed to be reusable with no differences in the yields. The results are compared with those of the reactions performed in toluene solution. The presented synthetic procedure is a convenient, clean and fast alternative for synthesizing 4-substituted coumarins (17 examples). 相似文献
179.
The rational and sustainable exploitation of nature resources is one of the priority objectives of our society. In this article a method is proposed to evaluate and exploit the energetic resources contained in different forest formations. This method is based on the use of a combustion bomb calorimeter to determine the calorific values of the different samples studied. These results were complemented with chemical analysis of the samples and with environmental and geomorphological studies of the zones were samples were taken. The results obtained during the last 3 years for the residual biomass originated from the forest formations existing in Galicia ensure the reliability and usefulness of the method that can be extended to any forest formation all over the world. 相似文献
180.
Sauer, Shelah, Vapnik and Chervonenkis proved that if a set system on n vertices contains many sets, then the set system has full trace on a large set. Although the restriction on the size of the
groundset cannot be lifted, Frankl and Pach found a trace structure that is guaranteed to occur in uniform set systems even
if we do not bound the size of the groundset. In this note we shall give three sequences of structures such that every set
system consisting of sufficiently many sets contains at least one of these structures with many sets. 相似文献