Quantization from Hamilton–Jacobi theory with a random constraint

We propose a method of quantization based on Hamilton–Jacobi theory in the presence of a random constraint due to the fluctuations of a set of hidden random variables. Given a Lagrangian, it reproduces the results of canonical quantization yet with a unique ordering of operators if the Lagrange multiplier that arises in the dynamical system with constraint can only take binary values ±?/2$\pm ?/2$ with equal probability.     

Is Nonlocality Responsible for the Violation of Bell’s Inequalities?

Bell’s theorem has been widely argued to show that some of the predictions of quantum mechanics which are obtained by applying the Born’s rule to a class of entangled states, are not compatible with any local-causal statistical model, via the violation of Bell’s inequalities. On the other hand, in the previous works, we have shown that quantum dynamics and kinematics are emergent from a statistical model that is singled out uniquely by the principle of Locality. Here we shall show that the local-causal model supports entangled states and give the statistical origin of their generation. We then study the Stern-Gerlach experiment to show that the Born’s rule can also be derived as a mathematical theorem in the local-causal model. These results lead us to argue that nonlocality is not responsible for the quantum mechanical and most importantly experimental violation of Bell’s inequalities. The source(s) of violation has to be sought somewhere else.     

Imparting magnetic dipole heterogeneity to internalized iron oxide nanoparticles for microorganism swarm control

Tetrahymena pyriformis is a single cell eukaryote that can be modified to respond to magnetic fields, a response called magnetotaxis. Naturally, this microorganism cannot respond to magnetic fields, but after modification using iron oxide nanoparticles, cells are magnetized and exhibit a constant magnetic dipole strength. In experiments, a rotating field is applied to cells using a two-dimensional approximate Helmholtz coil system. Using rotating magnetic fields, we characterize discrete cells’ swarm swimming which is affected by several factors. The behavior of the cells under these fields is explained in detail. After the field is removed, relatively straight swimming is observed. We also generate increased heterogeneity within a population of cells to improve controllability of a swarm, which is explored in a cell model. By exploiting this straight swimming behavior, we propose a method to control discrete cells utilizing a single global magnetic input. Successful implementation of this swarm control method would enable teams of microrobots to perform a variety of in vitro microscale tasks impossible for single microrobots, such as pushing objects or simultaneous micromanipulation of discrete entities.     

Maxwell speed distribution and analogue Hawking–Unruh temperature in an ontological model of a Harmonic oscillator ground state

Within an ontological (hidden variable) model of quantum fluctuation, one can discuss the actual   properties of a system regardless (independent) of measurement. Here we apply an ontological model proposed earlier to investigate a Harmonic oscillator in the quantum mechanical ground state. We first show that the actual speed of the oscillator fluctuates randomly following the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. On the other hand, the actual energy obeys a broad Gamma distribution with an average 3?ω/2$3?\omega /2$, where ω$\omega$ is the classical angular frequency, so that one may conclude that the outcome of a single energy measurement reveals the average of the actual energy. The distribution of actual speed (energy) thus formally resembles the distribution of speed (energy) of an ideal gas in thermal equilibrium of temperature T_g=?ω/2$T_g=?\omega /2$. We shall then argue that T_g$T_g$ can be written in a form analogous to the Hawking temperature for a Schwarzschild black hole in which the average distance of the oscillator from the origin plays the analogous role of the radius of the black hole event horizon. It can also be written in a form analogous to the Unruh temperature experienced by a body moving with a uniform acceleration. In the analogy, the oscillator suffers an effective acceleration which balances the attractive force of the trapping Harmonic potential, thus keeps its average position away from the origin.     

Simultaneous determination of N-benzylpiperazine and 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine in rat plasma by HPLC-fluorescence detection and its application to monitoring of these drugs

An HPLC‐fluorescence detection method for simultaneous determination of N‐benzylpiperazine (BZP) and 1‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) labeled with 4‐(4,5‐diphenyl‐1 H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)benzoyl chloride (DIB‐Cl) was described. DIB‐BZP and ‐TFMPP were well separated within 13 min without interference of peaks from plasma components. The lower detection limits of BZP and TFMPP at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3 were 0.9 and 4.6 ng/mL, respectively. Precisions of the proposed method for intra‐ and inter‐day assays were less than 4.8 and 9.1% as %RSD (n = 5). Furthermore, the method could be successfully applied to monitor both compounds in plasma after their sole or co‐administration to rats (each dose, 2 mg/kg). Clearance of TFMPP was significantly different under the conditions (P = 0.047). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthetic studies on macroviracin A: a rapid construction of C(42) macrocyclic dilactone corresponding to the core

The C(2)-symmetric macrodiolide core 2 of an antiviral agent, macroviracin A (1), was constructed in a single step by the intermolecular macrodimerization of C(22)-hydroxy carboxylic acid 3 with 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride and DMAP in the presence of sodium hydride (NaH). The use of potassium hydride instead of NaH caused the intramolecular cyclization, predominantly providing the corresponding monomer 26. The acid 3 was synthesized through a series of reactions such as the coupling reaction of acetylene 5 and oxirane 6, stereoselective glycosidation with the trichloroacetimidate method, and Jones oxidation.     

Spectrophotometric determination of boron in natural waters and rocks after specific adsorption on sephadex gel

Borate ions are adsorbed on Sephadex G-25 gel from alkaline media and desorbed reversibly into acidic media; the adsorption is ascribed to complex formation between borate and glucose units in the gel matrix. The coexistence of large amounts of salts, e.g. sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, sodium sulfate, and sodium perchlorate, has little effect on the adsorption. The effect of cations which form complexes with borate can be eliminated by the addition of EDTA. Boron present, in natural waters and rocks at lowlevels can be selectively concentrated by means of a gel column and determined spectrophotometrically by the azomethine-H method.     

Objective uncertainty relation with classical background in a statistical model

We show within a statistical model of quantization reported in the previous work based on Hamilton–Jacobi theory with a random constraint that the statistics of fluctuations of the actual trajectories around the classical trajectories in velocity and position spaces satisfy a reciprocal uncertainty relation. The relation is objective (observation independent) and implies the standard quantum mechanical uncertainty relation.     

No-signaling non-unitary modification of quantum dynamics within a deterministic model of quantization

We have developed in the previous works a statistical model of quantum fluctuation based on a chaotic deviation from infinitesimal stationary action which is constrained by the principle of Locality to have a unique exponential distribution up to a parameter that determines its average. The unitary Schrödinger time evolution with Born’s statistical interpretation of the wave function is recovered as a specific case when the average deviation from infinitesimal stationary action is given by ?/2$?/2$ for all the time. This naturally suggests a possible generalization of the quantum dynamics and statistics by allowing the average deviation fluctuates effectively randomly around ?/2$?/2$ with a finite yet very small width and a finite time scale. We shall show that averaging over such fluctuation will lead to a non-unitary average-energy-conserving time evolution providing an intrinsic mechanism of decoherence in energy basis in the macroscopic regime. A possible cosmological origin of the fluctuation is suggested. Coherence and decoherence are thus explained as two features of the same statistical model corresponding to microscopic and macroscopic regimes, respectively. Moreover, noting that measurement-interaction can be treated in equal footing as the other types of interaction, the objective locality of the model is argued to imply no-signaling between a pair of arbitrarily separated experiments.     

Identification of a novel cannabimimetic phenylacetylindole, cannabipiperidiethanone, as a designer drug in a herbal product and its affinity for cannabinoid CB₁ and CB₂ receptors

A new cannabimimetic phenylacetylindole (cannabipiperidiethanone, 1) has been found as an adulterant in a herbal product which contains two other known synthetic cannabinoids, JWH-122 and JWH-081, and which is distributed illegally in Japan. The identification was based on analyses using GC-MS, LC-MS, high-resolution MS and NMR. Accurate mass spectrum measurement showed the protonated molecular ion peak of 1 at m/z 377.2233 [M+H]? and the molecular formula of 1 was C??H??N?O?. Both mass and NMR spectrometric data revealed that 1 was 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-{1-[(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}ethanone. Compound 1 has a mixed structure of known cannabimimetic compounds: JWH-250 and AM-2233. Namely, the moiety of phenylacetyl indole and N-methylpiperidin-2-yl-methyl correspond to the structure of JWH-250 and AM-2233, respectively. However, no synthetic, chemical or biological information about 1 has been reported. A binding assay of compound 1 to cannabinoid receptors revealed that 1 has affinity for the CB? and CB? (IC??=591, 968 nM, respectively) receptors, and shows 2.3- and 9.4-fold lower affinities than those of JWH-250. This is the first report to identify cannabimimetic compound (1) as a designer drug and to show its binding affinity to cannabinoid receptors.