Novel worm-like amphiphilic micelles of folate-targeted cyclodextrin/retinoic acid for delivery of doxorubicin in KG-1 cells

Folate-targeted cyclodextrin/retinoic acid (CD/RA) conjugate was synthesized using carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). The structure of the produced macromolecule was studied by FTIR and ¹HNMR. The developed macromolecule could self-aggregate to form micelles. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the macromolecule was determined by pyrene as a fluorescent probe. Doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded micelles were prepared by direct dissolution method. To optimize the effect of cyclodextrin type (α or β), the molar ratio of RA to CD and the drug content, a full factorial design was used and their effects on particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, loading efficiency (LE%), and release efficiency (RE₂₄%) in 24 h were studied. Orientation of folate ligand on the surface of the micelles was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique. The cytotoxicity of DOX-loaded micelles was studied on KG-1 cells which overexpressed folate receptor (FR) and FR-negative HepG2 cells using MTT assay. FTIR and ¹HNMR spectra confirmed successful production of the micelles and XPS spectra showed surface orientation of folate. The best results obtained from β-cyclodextrin with molar ratio of 4 to RA and 15 % drug content. The optimized micelles showed the particle size of 103?±?4 nm, zeta potential of ?36 mV, polydispersity index of 0.28?±?0.05, LE% of 100 %, and RE₂₄% of 69.88?±?1.6 %. The IC₅₀ of targeted micelles was half of non-targeted micelles and free DOX.     

Electrooxidation of hydrazine in alkaline medium at carbon paste electrode decorated with poly(<Emphasis Type="Italic">P</Emphasis>-phenylendiamine/ZnO) nanocomposite

In this study, poly(P-phenylenediamine/ZnO) (PpPD/ZnO) nanocomposite (NC) under ultrasonic conditions was synthesized and characterized. The presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles changed the morphology of PpPD considerably as confirmed by SEM observations. Hydrazine electrooxidation at novel modified carbon paste electrodes (CPE) with supported NC was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronoamperometry (CA) techniques. Obtained results showed that the NC increases the surface catalytic activity of CPE toward hydrazine electrooxidation. The electrocatalytic current density increased linearly with hydrazine concentration, and the detection limit and sensitivity are determined to be 24 μM and 0.172 mA cm^?2 mM^?1, respectively. As revealed by the EIS measurements, the increased conductivity and decreased R _ct are owing to the presence of ZnO NPs in the PpPD matrix. The CA results indicated that hydrazine electrooxidation results in higher steady-state current density on CPE/PpDP/ZnO electrode system compared to the CPE/PpDP and CPE electrodes.     

Five dimensional cosmological traversable wormhole

In this paper, a traversable wormhole in the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) model with one extra spacelike compact dimension is studied. We have chosen dynamical compactification as the evolution of the fifth dimension. In this respect, we study how the existence of the extra dimension affects the behavior of the energy density, the shape function and the scale factor. It is shown that the total matter can be non-exotic and the violation of the weak energy condition can be avoided.     

One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Oxazine Derivatives in Water

A one‐pot synthesis of oxazine derivatives via reaction between activated acetylenic compounds, benzoyl cyanide, and N‐nucleophiles in water as the solvent is described?.     

Green and Efficient Procedure for the Trimethylsilylation of Hydroxy Groups and Their Regeneration Using Sulfamic Acid as Recyclable Catalyst

Structurally diverse alcohols and phenols were efficiently transformed into their corresponding trimethylsilyl ethers with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) in the presence of catalytic amounts of sulfamic acid (SA) at room temperature under both acetonitrile and solvent-free conditions. Deprotection of these trimethylsilyl ethers to their parent alcohols and phenols was also achieved using this catalyst in water at room temperature.     

A New Application of N,N ′-dibromo-N,N ′–1,2-ethanediylbis(p-toluenesulfonamide) as Selective and Efficient Reagent for the Oxidation of Various Thiols to Disulfides

ABSTRACT

An efficient method for oxidation of thiol to their corresponding disulfides in high yields with N, N^′-Dibromo-N,N^′–1,2-ethanediyl bis (p-toluensulphonamide) in dichloromethane at room temperature is described.     

A New Solvated Phosphoric Triamide, [(C6H4(3-CH3)NH)3P(O)] · (C2H5OH): A Database Analysis of N Atom Geometry in Compounds with an [N]3P(O) Fragment

Abstract

In the crystal structure of the title compound C₂₁H₂₄N₃OP · C₂H₅OH, there are three crystallographically independent phosphoric triamide molecules and three ethanol molecules. The environments of the nitrogen atoms are practically planar. The phosphorus atoms display a distorted tetrahedral environment; the maximum and minimum values of angles are observed for one O?P?N and one N?P?N angles, respectively. In this structure, the phosphoramide and ethanol molecules are linked by some different intermolecular O?H···O and N?H···O hydrogen bonds to form chains. The title solvated compound has been further characterized by IR and ³¹P{¹H}, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The geometry of the nitrogen atoms in this compound is analyzed and compared with those of analogous structures deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD; Allen, Acta Cryst. 2002, B58, 380-388).     

Acetylation of alcohols with acetic anhydride promoted by N,N,N-trimethylanilinium tribromide

A wide variety of alcohols were reacted with acetic anhydride at room temperature in the presence of a catalytic amount of N,N,N-trimethylanilinium tribromide to produce the corresponding alkyl acetates in good to excellent yields. Following this procedure, acetylation of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols has been performed under neutral conditions.     

Circulant Wavelet Preconditioners for Solving Elliptic Differential Equations and Boundary Integral Equations

In this paper is discussed solving an elliptic equation and a boundary integral equation of the second kind by representation of compactly supported wavelets. By using wavelet bases and the Galerkin method for these equations, we obtain a stiff sparse matrix that can be ill-conditioned. Therefore, we have to introduce an operator which maps every sparse matrix to a circulant sparse matrix. This class of circulant matrices is a class of preconditioners in a Banach space. Based on having some properties in the spectral theory for this class of matrices, we conclude that the circulant matrices are a good class of preconditioners for solving these equations. We called them circulant wavelet preconditioners (CWP). Therefore, a class of algorithms is introduced for rapid numerical application.     

Refractive Indices, Viscosities, and Densities for L-Cysteine Hydrochloride Monohydrate + D-Sorbitol + Water, and Glycerol + D-Sorbitol + Water in the Temperature Range between T=303.15 K and T=323.15 K

Viscosities, refractive indices, and densities for ternary systems of (L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate [LCHCMH] + D-sorbitol + water) and (glycerol + D-sorbitol + water) and binary systems of ([LCHCMH] + water) and (D-sorbitol + water) have been measured at several temperatures (between T=303.15 K and T=323.15 K) and mass fractions (0.1 to 0.8) at atmospheric pressure. For these mixtures, the experimental values of density were correlated with an experimental equation and the experimental values of viscosity were correlated with the Jones-Dole equation.