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31.
In a double groupoid S, we show that there is a canonical groupoid structure on the set of those squares of S for which the two source edges are identities; we call this the core groupoid of S. The target maps from the core groupoid to the groupoids of horizontal and vertical edges of S are now base-preserving morphisms whose kernels commute, and we call the diagram consisting of the core groupoid and these two morphisms the core diagram of S. If S is a double Lie groupoid, and each groupoid structure on S satisfies a natural double form of local triviality, we show that the core diagram determines S and, conversely, that a locally trivial double Lie groupoid may be constructed from an abstractly given core diagram satisfying some natural additional conditions.
In the algebraic case, the corresponding result includes the known equivalences between crossed modules, special double groupoids with special connection (Brown and Spencer), and cat1-groups (Loday). These cases correspond to core diagrams for which both target morphisms are (compatibly) split surjections. 相似文献
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The thermal decomposition of formaldehyde was investigated behind shock waves at temperatures between 1675 and 2080 K. Quantitative concentration time profiles of formaldehyde and formyl radicals were measured by means of sensitive 174 nm VUV absorption (CH2O) and 614 nm FM spectroscopy (HCO), respectively. The rate constant of the radical forming channel (1a), CH2O + M → HCO + H + M, of the unimolecular decomposition of formaldehyde in argon was measured at temperatures from 1675 to 2080 K at an average total pressure of 1.2 bar, k1a = 5.0 × 1015 exp(‐308 kJ mol?1/RT) cm3 mol?1 s?1. The pressure dependence, the rate of the competing molecular channel (1b), CH2O + M → H2 + CO + M, and the branching fraction β = k1a/(kA1a + k1b) was characterized by a two‐channel RRKM/master equation analysis. With channel (1b) being the main channel at low pressures, the branching fraction was found to switch from channel (1b) to channel (1a) at moderate pressures of 1–50 bar. Taking advantage of the results of two preceding publications, a decomposition mechanism with six reactions is recommended, which was validated by measured formyl radical profiles and numerous literature experimental observations. The mechanism is capable of a reliable prediction of almost all formaldehyde pyrolysis literature data, including CH2O, CO, and H atom measurements at temperatures of 1200–3200 K, with mixtures of 7 ppm to 5% formaldehyde, and pressures up to 15 bar. Some evidence was found for a self‐reaction of two CH2O molecules. At high initial CH2O mole fractions the reverse of reaction (6), CH2OH + HCO ? CH2O + CH2O becomes noticeable. The rate of the forward reaction was roughly measured to be k6 = 1.5 × 1013 cm3 mol?1 s?1. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 157–169 2004 相似文献
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This study compared the fracture strength of Class II slot cavities restored with polymerizable restorative materials. Sixty, caries-free, posterior teeth were divided into five groups of 12 teeth. The Class II slot cavities were prepared. The teeth were restored with two packable composites (Filtek P60, Surefil), a microhybrid composite (Filtek Z250)and two ormocer (Definite, Admira). The restorations were then subjected to fracture resistance tests. The marginal ridges of the restorations were loaded at an angle of 13.5° to the long axis of the tooth in an Universal Testing Machine until failure. Analysis of mean forces indicated that, Filtek P60, Surefil and Filtek Z250 exhibited better performance than Definite and Admira. The tested resin composites differed in their mechanical properties. This study suggested that fracture behavior were highly influenced by the filler system. Overall, Filtek P60, Surefil, Filtek Z250, demonstrated good fracture resistance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Ronald W. Clawson Jr. 《Tetrahedron letters》2007,48(34):6019-6021
An expedient synthesis of the alkaloid koniamborine, the only to date isolated naturally occurring pyrano[3,2-b]indole is presented. The key pyrano[3,2-b]indole forming step is a palladium-catalyzed reductive N-heteroannulation of 2-(4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-(4H)-pyrane-4-one. 相似文献
37.
Dendritic cellls (DCs) comprise an essential component of the immune system. These cells, as antigen presenting cells (APCs)
to na?ve T cells, are crucial in the initiation of antigen specific immune responses. In the past years, several DC subsets
have been identified in different organs which exert different effects in order to elicit adaptive immune responses. Thus,
identification of such DC subsets has led to a better understanding of their distribution and function in the body. In this
review, several key properties of the immunobiology, immunopathogenesis and vaccine strategies using DCs will be discussed. 相似文献
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Ross W. Mair David G. Cory Sharon Peled Ching-Hua Tseng Samuel Patz Ronald L. Walsworth 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》1998,135(2):478-486
Pulsed-field-gradient NMR techniques are demonstrated for measurements of time-dependent gas diffusion. The standard PGSE technique and variants, applied to a free gas mixture of thermally polarized xenon and O2, are found to provide a reproducible measure of the xenon diffusion coefficient (5.71 × 10−6m2s−1for 1 atm of pure xenon), in excellent agreement with previous, non-NMR measurements. The utility of pulsed-field-gradient NMR techniques is demonstrated by the first measurement of time-dependent (i.e., restricted) gas diffusion inside a porous medium (a random pack of glass beads), with results that agree well with theory. Two modified NMR pulse sequences derived from the PGSE technique (named the Pulsed Gradient Echo, or PGE, and the Pulsed Gradient Multiple Spin Echo, or PGMSE) are also applied to measurements of time dependent diffusion of laser polarized xenon gas, with results in good agreement with previous measurements on thermally polarized gas. The PGMSE technique is found to be superior to the PGE method, and to standard PGSE techniques and variants, for efficiently measuring laser polarized noble gas diffusion over a wide range of diffusion times. 相似文献
39.
Ronald I. Becker Isabella Lari Andrea Scozzari Giovanni Storchi 《Annals of Operations Research》2007,150(1):65-78
In this paper we consider the location of a path shaped facility on a grid graph. In the literature this problem was extensively
studied on particular classes of graphs as trees or series-parallel graphs. We consider here the problem of finding a path
which minimizes the sum of the (shortest) distances from it to the other vertices of the grid, where the path is also subject
to an additional constraint that takes the form either of the length of the path or of the cardinality. We study the complexity
of these problems and we find two polynomial time algorithms for two special cases, with time complexity of O(n) and O(nℓ) respectively, where n is the number of vertices of the grid and ℓ is the cardinality of the path to be located.
The literature about locating dimensional facilities distinguishes between the location of extensive facilities in continuous
spaces and network facility location. We will show that the problems presented here have a close connection with continuous
dimensional facility problems, so that the procedures provided can also be useful for solving some open problems of dimensional
facilities location in the continuous case. 相似文献
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