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Gangyong Lee Jae Keol Park S. Tariq Rizvi Cosmin S. Roman 《Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra》2018,222(9):2427-2455
Let V be a module with . V is called a quasi-Baer module if for each ideal J of S, for some . On the other hand, V is called a Rickart module if for each , for some . For a module N, the quasi-Baer module hull (resp., the Rickart module hull ) of N, if it exists, is the smallest quasi-Baer (resp., Rickart) overmodule, in a fixed injective hull of N. In this paper, we initiate the study of quasi-Baer and Rickart module hulls. When a ring R is semiprime and ideal intrinsic over its center, it is shown that every finitely generated projective R-module has a quasi-Baer hull. Let R be a Dedekind domain with F its field of fractions and let be any set of R-submodules of . For an R-module with , we show that has a quasi-Baer module hull if and only if is semisimple. This quasi-Baer hull is explicitly described. An example such that has no Rickart module hull is constructed. If N is a module over a Dedekind domain for which is projective and , where is the torsion submodule of N, we show that the quasi-Baer hull of N exists if and only if is semisimple. We prove that the Rickart module hull also exists for such modules N. Furthermore, we provide explicit constructions of and and show that in this situation these two hulls coincide. Among applications, it is shown that if N is a finitely generated module over a Dedekind domain, then N is quasi-Baer if and only if N is Rickart if and only if N is Baer if and only if N is semisimple or torsion-free. For a direct sum of finitely generated modules, where R is a Dedekind domain, we show that N is quasi-Baer if and only if N is Rickart if and only if N is semisimple or torsion-free. Examples exhibiting differences between the notions of a Baer hull, a quasi-Baer hull, and a Rickart hull of a module are presented. Various explicit examples illustrating our results are constructed. 相似文献
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Sergio Albeverio Yuri Kondratiev Roman Nikiforov Grygoriy Torbin 《Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques》2014
The paper is devoted to the study of fractal properties of subsets of the set of non-normal numbers with respect to Rényi f -expansions generated by continuous increasing piecewise linear functions defined on [0,+∞). All such expansions are expansions for real numbers generated by infinite linear IFS f={f0,f1,…,fn,…} with the following list of ratios Q∞=(q0,q1,…,qn,…). 相似文献
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Logical theories for representing knowledge are often plagued by the so-called Logical Omniscience Problem. The problem stems from the clash between the desire to model rational agents, which should be capable of simple logical inferences, and the fact that any logical inference, however complex, almost inevitably consists of inference steps that are simple enough. This contradiction points to the fruitlessness of trying to solve the Logical Omniscience Problem qualitatively if the rationality of agents is to be maintained. We provide a quantitative solution to the problem compatible with the two important facets of the reasoning agent: rationality and resource boundedness. More precisely, we provide a test for the logical omniscience problem in a given formal theory of knowledge. The quantitative measures we use are inspired by the complexity theory. We illustrate our framework with a number of examples ranging from the traditional implicit representation of knowledge in modal logic to the language of justification logic, which is capable of spelling out the internal inference process. We use these examples to divide representations of knowledge into logically omniscient and not logically omniscient, thus trying to determine how much information about the reasoning process needs to be present in a theory to avoid logical omniscience. 相似文献
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Denis D. Borisov Grigory R. Chermashentsev Roman A. Novikov Yury V. Tomilov 《Tetrahedron letters》2019,60(10):746-750
New “four-component” self-assembly of polyaromatic thiophene structures based on styrylmalonates and 5-phenylthiophene-2-carbaldehyde has been developed. This process is promoted by GaCl3 and involves two [2?+?3]-annulation steps on the CHO-groups and para-substitution into one Ph-ring. The main feature of discovered process is a high diastereoselectivity with a significant increase in molecular complexity. The resulting polyaromatic structures containing two thiophene moieties in each structure have intense color and strong absorption in a near UV spectral region with absorption maxima in the range of 257–360?nm. 相似文献
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Ultrafast and selective labeling of endogenous proteins using affinity-based benzotriazole chemistry
Xiaoyi Xin Yu Zhang Massimiliano Gaetani Susanna L. Lundstrm Roman A. Zubarev Yuan Zhou Dale P. Corkery Yao-Wen Wu 《Chemical science》2022,13(24):7240
Chemical modification of proteins is enormously useful for characterizing protein function in complex biological systems and for drug development. Selective labeling of native or endogenous proteins is challenging owing to the existence of distinct functional groups in proteins and in living systems. Chemistry for rapid and selective labeling of proteins remains in high demand. Here we have developed novel affinity labeling probes using benzotriazole (BTA) chemistry. We showed that affinity-based BTA probes selectively and covalently label a lysine residue in the vicinity of the ligand binding site of a target protein with a reaction half-time of 28 s. The reaction rate constant is comparable to the fastest biorthogonal chemistry. This approach was used to selectively label different cytosolic and membrane proteins in vitro and in live cells. BTA chemistry could be widely useful for labeling of native/endogenous proteins, target identification and development of covalent inhibitors.Affinity-based benzotriazole (BTA) probes selectively and covalently label native proteins or endogenous proteins in cells with a fast reaction rate. It is enormously useful for characterizing protein function in biological systems and for drug development. 相似文献