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21.
Mereology is the logic of part—whole concepts as they are used in many different contexts. The old chemical metaphysics of
atoms and molecules seems to fit classical mereology very well. However, when functional attributes are added to part specifications
and quantum mechanical considerations are also added, the rules of classical mereology are breached in chemical discourses.
A set theoretical alternative mereology is also found wanting. Molecular orbital theory requires a metaphysics of affordances
that also stands outside classical mereology. 相似文献
22.
The influence of various solvents on the copolymerization behavior of methyl methacrylate with styrene has been investigated. In these systems there is a significant solvent effect on both rS and rM which may be attributed to changes in the dielectric constant of the solvents used. The calculated relative reactivity of the polystyryl radical towards the methyl methacrylate monomer increases with increasing solvent polarity, whereas the reactivity of poly(methyl methacrylate) radical towards styrene monomer decreases. The results obtained are discussed taking into account the behavior of both monomers in homopolymerization with the same experimental conditions as in copolymerization. 相似文献
23.
Photoactive materials based on dye molecules incorporated into thin films or bulk solids are useful for applications as photosensitization, photocatalysis, solar cell sensitization and fluorescent labeling, among others. In most cases, high concentrations of dyes are desirable to maximize light absorption. Under these circumstances, the proximity of dye molecules leads to the formation of aggregates and statistical traps, which dissipate the excitation energy and lower the population of excited states. The search for enhancement of light collection, avoiding energy wasting requires accounting the photophysical parameters quantitatively, including the determination of quantum yields, complicated by the presence of light scattering when particulate materials are considered. In this work we summarize recent advances on the photophysics of dyes in light‐scattering materials, with particular focus on the effect of dye concentration. We show how experimental reflectance, fluorescence and laser‐induced optoacoustic spectroscopy data can be used together with theoretical models for the quantitative evaluation of inner filter effects, fluorescence and triplet formation quantum yields and energy transfer efficiencies. 相似文献
24.
Dr. Lyle M. Gordon Jessica K. Román Dr. R. Michael Everly Michael J. Cohen Dr. Jonathan J. Wilker Dr. Derk Joester 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2014,53(43):11506-11509
Metastable precursors are thought to play a major role in the ability of organisms to create mineralized tissues. Of particular interest are the hard and abrasion‐resistant teeth formed by chitons, a class of rock‐grazing mollusks. The formation of chiton teeth relies on the precipitation of metastable ferrihydrite (Fh) in an organic scaffold as a precursor to magnetite. In vitro synthesis of Fh under physiological conditions has been challenging. Using a combination of X‐ray absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that, prior to Fh formation in the chiton tooth, iron ions are complexed by the organic matrix. In vitro experiments demonstrate that such complexes facilitate the formation of Fh under physiological conditions. These results indicate that acidic molecules may be integral to controlling Fh formation in the chiton tooth. This biological approach to polymorph selection is not limited to specialized proteins and can be expropriated using simple chemistry. 相似文献
25.
26.
A new method for the spectrofluorimetric determination of indium by formation of a fluorescent 1:1 complex with 1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone is proposed. The complex is formed in a mixed, 60:40 v/v acetone-water medium at pH 3.8 provided by an acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer. The calibration graph is linear between 10 and 600 ng/ml. The effect of potential interferents on the determination was assessed and the proposed method was applied to the determination of indium in synthetic samples. 相似文献
27.
28.
López RH Manzi S Romá F Faccio RJ 《Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics》1999,60(1):89-93
We present simulation results for the one-dimensional random deposition of two annihilating species A and B, falling with probabilities p and q (p+q=1), which then react to produce an inert product, i.e., A+B-->0. Two different annihilation rules are defined: top annihilation and nearest-neighbor annihilation (NNA), leading to distinct scaling behaviors. In particular, the values of the scaling exponents for NNA are found to be dependent on probability p, suggesting different universality classes. 相似文献
29.
R.?Long T.?Rom W.?H?nsel T. W.?H?nsch J.?ReichelEmail author 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2005,35(1):125-133
We describe a chip-based magnetic conveyor that transports
ultracold atoms with high positioning accuracy over long distances,
into an interaction region which is well separated from the
magneto-optical trap and gives good optical access to the atoms. The
conveyor can work in two different modes, with or without external
bias field. The transport potential is generated by a two-layer
conductor pattern, enabling a significantly smoother transport than
our earlier single-layer conveyor. This is confirmed by numerical
field calculations, using an optimization procedure that minimizes
shape deformations as well as deviations from the linear transport
path. We experimentally demonstrate the use of this conveyor in the
mode with external bias field, transporting a cloud of cold atoms
over a linear distance of 6 cm and a total distance of 24 cm. We
also describe an on-chip quadrupole trap that can be rotated by
π/2. This trap is used to remove design constraints on the
orientation of the laser beams in the surface magneto-optical trap.
The long-distance conveyor is a versatile tool for experiments with
trapped cold atoms, and can achieve sub-micrometric positioning
precision. Possible applications of this tool are discussed. 相似文献
30.
We demonstrate the controlled coherent transport and splitting of atomic wave packets in spin-dependent optical lattice potentials. Such experiments open intriguing possibilities for quantum state engineering of many body states. After first preparing localized atomic wave functions in an optical lattice through a Mott insulating phase, we place each atom in a superposition of two internal spin states. Then state selective optical potentials are used to split the wave function of a single atom and transport the corresponding wave packets in two opposite directions. Coherence between the wave packets of an atom delocalized over up to seven lattice sites is demonstrated. 相似文献