Eine volumetrische Methode zur Bestimmung des Magnesiums

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Flow activation free energy in cholesteric lyotropic liquid crystals

The flow activation free energy ( ΔG *) is the minimum energy necessary to induce a flow in a system that is at rest. It can be calculated from the system viscosity using the Andrade--Eyring theory. In the present work the flow activation free energy of cholesteric lyotropic liquid crystals was studied as a function of D-(+)-mannose concentration added to a nematic mesophase. The results obtained showed that all the systems can be characterized as Newtonian, but a smooth time-dependent effect can be observed mainly in systems with a lower chiral inductor concentration. It has also been observed that an increase of cholestericity leads to a decrease of ΔH * values until a limit is reached at 1 mol % of inductor. From a positive ΔS * variation it was possible to verify the existence of a locally less organized transient state during the process of micellar diffusion. When the cholesterization process was considered, the increase of the inductor concentration leads to a decrease of ΔS * and consequently to a system, as a whole, more orderly, possibly as a result of the restriction of movement caused by the presence of chiral interactions.     

On optimal zero-preserving corrections for inconsistent linear systems

This paper addresses the problem of finding an optimal correction of an inconsistent linear system, where only the nonzero coefficients of the constraint matrix are allowed to be perturbed for reconstructing a consistent system. Using the Frobenius norm as a measure of the distance to feasibility, a nonconvex minimization problem is formulated, whose objective function is a sum of fractional functions. A branch-and-bound algorithm for solving this nonconvex program is proposed, based on suitably overestimating the denominator function for computing lower bounds. Computational experience is presented to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach.     

A study of frost growth and densification on flat surfaces

The present study advances a theoretical and experimental investigation of the frost growth and densification on flat surfaces. This study focuses on the most important factors affecting the frost formation process, i.e. the surrounding air temperature, humidity and velocity, and the surface temperature. The processes of frost growth and densification were investigated experimentally in order to provide a physical basis for the development of a theoretical model to predict the variation of the frost layer thickness and mass with time. The mathematical model was based on mass and energy balances within the frost layer, assuming the frost as a porous medium and accounting for the supersaturation of the moist air on the frost surface. The governing equations for mass and heat diffusion were integrated analytically, giving rise to a semi-algebraic formulation which requires numerical integration of only one time dependent ordinary differential equation. When compared with experimental data, the model predictions of the frost thickness as a function of time agreed to within ±10% error bands. The experimentally-validated model was then used to predict the frost layer growth and densification with respect to the operation conditions such as plate surface temperature, air stream temperature, humidity and velocity.     

Improving sample representativeness in environmental studies: a major component for the uncertainty budget

For environmental quality assessment, INAA has been applied for determining chemical elements in small (200 mg) and large (200 g) samples of leaves from 200 trees. By applying the Ingamells’ constant, the expected percent standard deviation was estimated in 0.9–2.2% for 200 mg samples. Otherwise, for composite samples (200 g), expected standard deviation varied from 0.5 to 10% in spite of analytical uncertainties ranging from 2 to 30%. Results thereby suggested the expression of the degree of representativeness as a source of uncertainty, contributing for increasing of the reliability of environmental studies mainly in the case of composite samples.     

Photodegradation of the pharmaceuticals amoxicillin, bezafibrate and paracetamol by the photo-Fenton process—Application to sewage treatment plant effluent

Photodegradation of the pharmaceuticals amoxicillin (AMX), bezafibrate (BZF) and paracetamol (PCT) in aqueous solutions via the photo-Fenton process was investigated under black-light and solar irradiation. The influences of iron source, initial H₂O₂ concentration and matrix (distilled water and sewage treatment plant effluent) on degradation efficiency were discussed in detail. The results showed that (i) the degradation of the drugs was favored in the presence of potassium ferrioxalate (FeOx) in comparison to Fe(NO₃)₃; (ii) the increase of the H₂O₂ concentration improved the efficiency of AMX and BZF oxidation; however, the same was not observed for PCT; (iii) the influence of the matrix was observed for the degradation of BZF and PCT; (iv) under solar irradiation, the oxidation of the BZF and PCT is faster than under black-light irradiation. All these pharmaceuticals can be efficiently degraded employing the process evaluated.     

Cyclohexanecarboxamide

The title compound, C₇H₁₃NO, forms R²₂(8) N—H...O hydrogen‐bonded dimers and C4 N—H...O‐linked chains, which are further stabilized by a C—H...O interaction. The combination of these interactions results in a hydrogen‐bonded network parallel to (100), with a motif that can be described by the secondary graph set R⁴₆(16). The existence of the same hydrogen‐bonding motif in 1‐phenylcyclopentanecarboxamide and 1‐(2‐bromophenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide [Lemmerer & Michael (2008). CrystEngComm, 10 , 95–102 indicates that replacing the H atom on position 1 with a more bulky group does not necessarily disrupt the observed hydrogen‐bonding pattern. The presence of a C—H...O interaction to stabilize the R⁴₆(16) network does, however, seem to be required. In addition, the title compound is isomorphous with a previously published structure of cyclopentanecarboxamide [Winter et al. (1981). Acta Cryst. B 37 , 2183–2185].     

Carbazolylmethylphosphonate compounds – Synthesis,coordination and fluorescence in solution and cells

The compounds diethyl-N-carbazolylmethylphosphonate 1 and diethyl-2-oxymethylphosphonate carbazole 2 have been synthesised and characterized by a range of techniques including NMR, absorption and emission spectroscopy, infrared, and mass spectroscopy. Compound 1 forms a 2:1 complex 3 with calcium nitrate and the single crystal X-ray diffraction structure of 3 is described. Titrations of 1 with Zn²⁺ and Ca²⁺ in ethanol reveal that the intrinsic fluorescence is only slightly perturbed in the presence of these metal ions in micromolar ethanol solutions. Compounds 1 and 2 are readily taken up and visualized in L929 fibrosarcoma and DRG (Dorsal root ganglia) cell lines.     

Bi-Lipschitz geometry of complex surface singularities

We discuss the bi-Lipschitz geometry of an isolated singular point of a complex surface with particular emphasis on when it is metrically conical.      

Local Lipschitz geometry of real weighted homogeneous surfaces

We compute Hölder Complexes, i.e. the complete bi-Lipschitz invariants, for germs of real weighed homogeneous algebraic or semialgebraic surfaces.