Multivariate optimization of an axially-viewed inductively coupled plasma multichannel-based emission spectrometer for the analysis of environmental samples

An experimental design procedure was applied to optimize the operating conditions of an axially-viewed inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer instruments equipped with echelle optics with cross dispersion and charge transfer device. The multivariate effect of carrier gas flow rate and r.f. power on several analytical figures was investigated and discussed. Both ultrasonic and pneumatic nebulization were used. For the final choice of the optimum, different criteria were taken into account, mainly plasma robustness, instrumental precision, analyte and background net emission, detection limits and signal-to-background ratios. It was found that the use of moderate power (1100W) and mean carrier gas flow rate (0.75 L/min) allows to obtain sufficient plasma robustness, satisfactory precision, and excellent signal-to-background ratios and limits of detection, favorable for ultratrace element determinations in environmental matrices.     

1,3-Diaxial steric effects and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the conformational equilibria of new cis-1,3-disubstituted cyclohexanes using low temperature NMR spectra and theoretical calculations

The conformational equilibria of 3-X-cyclohexanol [X=F (1), Cl (2), Br (3), I (4), Me (5), NMe(2) (6) and MeO (7)] and of 3-X-methoxycyclohexane [X=F (8), Cl (9), Br (10), I (11), Me (12), NMe(2) (13) and MeO (14)] cis isomers were determined from low temperature NMR spectra and PCMODEL calculated coupling constants. The energy differences between aa and ee conformers were obtained from these data (DeltaG(J)(av) and DeltaG(PC)(av), respectively) and also by the additivity principle from data for the monosubstituted cyclohexanes (DeltaG(Ad)). H-1 and H-3 hydrogen vicinal coupling constants and DeltaG(J)(av) values showed that the diequatorial conformer is predominant in the conformational equilibrium of the compounds studied at low temperature. However, DeltaG(PC)(av) data show that compounds 6 and 7 constitute an exception, since they are almost equally populated by ee and aa at room temperature, due to stabilization of their aa conformer by an intramolecular hydrogen bond. DeltaG(Ad) values, obtained according to the additivity principle, show a better agreement for compounds 2 and 3, since the 1,3-diaxial steric effect is counterbalanced by the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond (IAHB). For the remaining compounds, DeltaG(Ad) values underestimate the energy differences, since the 1,3-diaxial steric effect, between X and OH or OCH(3), is absent in the monosubstituted compounds used as references. Moreover, the DeltaG(PC)(av), calculated from the coupling constants, obtained through the PCMODEL program, are rather smaller than the DeltaG(J)(av) values, since the program does not have parameters for the effect, observed in this report, of a substituent at gamma position on coupling constants values for the hydrogen under consideration.     

New C2-Chiral Bidentate Ligands Bridging the gap between donor phosphine and acceptor carbonyl ligands

Two new C₂ chiral bidentate phosphorous ligands have been prepared in enantiomerically pure form. The two phosphorous centers bear electron-withdrawing groups ((CF₃)₂CH? O, C₆F₅) and are linked by a trans-cyclopentane-1,2-diol-derived bridge. Photolysis of [Cr(η⁶-C₆H₆)(CO)₃] in the presence of these two new ligands and of two previously reported bidentate phosphites, and fluorophosphinites (L) afforded [Cr(η⁶-C₆H₆)(CO)L] complexes. IR Spectral comparison of the complexes shows the new ligands to be intermediate in their bonding properties between alkyl phosphites and CO.     

Phase evolution of a barium tin 1,2-ethanediolato complex to barium stannate during thermal decomposition

The thermal behaviour of [Ba(C₂H₆O₂)₄][Sn(C₂H₄O₂)₃] used as a BaSnO₃ precursor, and its phase evolution during thermal decomposition are described. The initially formed transient barium tin oxycarbonate phase disintegrates into BaCO₃ and SnO₂, reacting subsequently to BaSnO₃. The existence of the intermediate oxycarbonate phase is evidenced by Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS (ELNES)) investigations.     

Understanding the role of stereoelectronic effects in determining collagen stability. 2. A quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical study of (Proline-Proline-Glycine)(n) polypeptides

The importance of vicinal and long-range interresidue effects in determining the stability of the collagen triple helix has been investigated by quantum mechanical (QM) and molecular mechanical (MM) computations on suitable model polypeptides, taking into account solvent effects by the polarizable continuum model (PCM). At the QM level, the PII conformation corresponds to an energy minimum for pentapeptide analogues incorporating the sequence Gly-Pro-Pro-Gly, irrespective of the down or up puckering of the pyrrolidine ring. However, our computations indicate that the alternation of down and up prolines characterizing collagen and collagen-like peptides is not due to an intrinsic preference of the Pro-Pro-Gly sequence. This result is confirmed by MM computations of longer polypeptides. Next, MM computations on model triple helices show that a better packing is obtained for specific values of backbone dihedrals, which, in turn, favor the alternation of down and up prolines along each chain.     

Conformational and stereoelectronic investigation in 1,2-difluoropropane: The gauche effect

The effect of attaching an additional fluorine atom at C-2 in 1-fluoropropane (FP), giving 1,2-difluoropropane (DFP), on its conformational equilibrium, is theoretically evaluated. This substitution causes critical implications on the conformer stabilities of DFP (TG, GT and GG conformations) and the steric and electrostatic interactions should favor the conformer with fluorine atoms trans. However, the gauche effect plays a major role in describing the energies balance in DFP, shifting the equilibrium towards the conformation in which the two fluorine atoms are gauche. The origin of this effect is discussed through an NBO analysis, which allows the evaluation of both classical and non-classical (hyperconjugation and bent bonds) interactions as the prevailing factors governing the conformational equilibrium of molecules containing the 1,2-difluoroethane fragment.     

Vilsmeier formylation of 5,10,15-triphenylcorrole: expected and unusual products

5,10,15-Triphenylcorrole (1) reacts with the Vilsmeier reagent (POCl(3)/DMF) to give the corresponding 3-formyl derivative 3 as the major product. The regioselectivity of the reaction was proven by X-ray crystallography and only traces of the 2-formyl isomer were observed. A more polar product is also observed and this compound becomes the major product when an excess of DMF is used for the preparation of the Vilsmeier reagent, while the formation of the 3-formyl isomer is almost completely suppressed. X-ray crystallography allowed us to identify this compound as the fully substituted N-ethane bridged derivative 4, formed from the attack of the Vilsmeier reagent at the inner core of the macrocycle. This compound is unique among porphyrinoid macrocycles, and further confirms the peculiarity of corrole chemistry.     

Cellulose synthesis in maize: isolation and expression analysis of the cellulose synthase (CesA) gene family

Stalk lodging in maize results in significant yield losses. We have determined that cellulose per unit length of the stalk is the primary determinant of internodal strength. An increase in cellulose concentration in the wall might allow simultaneous improvements in stalk strength and harvest index. Cellulose formation in plants can be perturbed by mutations in the genes involved in cellulose synthesis, post-synthetic cellulose alteration or deposition, N-glycosylation, and some other genes with as yet unknown functions. We have isolated 12 members of the cellulose synthase (CesA) gene family from maize. The genes involved in primary wall formation appear to have duplicated relatively independently in dicots and monocots. The deduced amino acid sequences of three of the maize genes, ZmCesA10–12, cluster with the Arabidopsis CesA sequences that have been shown to be involved in secondary wall formation. Based on their expression patterns across multiple tissues, these three genes appear to be coordinately expressed. The remaining genes show overlapping expression to varying degrees with ZmCesA1, 7, and 8 forming one group, ZmCesA3 and 5 a second group, and ZmCesA2 and 6 exhibiting independent expression of any other gene. This suggests that the varying levels of coexpression may just be incidental except in the case of ZmCesA10–12, which may interact with each other to form a functional enzyme complex. Isolation of the expressed CesA genes from maize and their association with primary or secondary wall formation has made it possible to test their respective roles in cellulose synthesis through mutational genetics or transgenic approaches. This information would be useful in improving stalk strength.     

Environmental certification: a scientific tool for sustainability. Evaluation of possible indicators for the environmental performance evaluation (EPE) of Ravenna province (Italy)

Environmental certification is becoming the main tool for application of sustainable development principles. The European Regulation Emas and the international standard ISO 14001 both require for certification, to perform an environmental management system to prevent environmental impacts and to continuously improve environmental performance. For a good environmental performance evaluation (EPE), certification needs to use scientific methodologies and to interface with scientific research; here we proposed emergy analysis as a valid method for EPE and emergetic environmental performance and condition indicators (EPIs, ECIs) to monitor a territorial system: Ravenna province (Italy). Together with emergy indicators were selected other indicators for a deeper EPE: emitted/adsorbed CO2, energy consumptions, air and water pollution measures. The paper showed that Ravenna system has a good environmental performance and demonstrated how different indicators from the most advanced chemical research (chemical-physical, analytical, etc.) contribute to a complete EPE of a complex territorial system and are useful for environmental certification and sustainable development.     

Atomic force microscopy imaging of hair: correlations between surface potential and wetting at the nanometer scale

We report investigations of hair surface potential under wetting at the nanometric scale by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surface potential imaging was used to characterize the electrostatic properties of the hair samples. We found that the surface potential noticeably increases along the edges of the cuticles. These results are correlated with wetting behavior of different liquids performed using AFM in noncontact mode.