A magnetic and Mössbauer study of magnetic ordering and vacancy clustering in Cu5FeS4

Magnetic susceptibilities and Mössbauer spectra recorded at temperatures between 4° and 300°K show that the low temperature form of Cu₅FeS₄, bornite, orders magnetically at 76±2°K. At a lower temperature 8°K a second magnetic phase transition occurs. The Mössbauer spectra suggest that there is significant partial disordering of cations and vacancies in tetrahedral holes of the face-centred cubic sulphur lattice. Thermoelectric power measurements indicate that bornite is a p-type semiconductor.For a three dimensional magnetic superexchange interaction between Fe(III) atoms a small super-transferred spin density would be required on intermediate Cu(I) atoms.     

Numerical models for afterburning of TNT detonation products in air

Afterburning occurs when fuel-rich explosive detonation products react with oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere. This energy release can further contribute to the air blast, resulting in a more severe explosion hazard particularly in confined scenarios. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the products equation of state (EOS) on the prediction of the efficiency of trinitrotoluene (TNT) afterburning and the times of arrival of reverberating shock waves in a closed chamber. A new EOS is proposed, denoted the Afterburning (AB) EOS. This EOS employs the JWL EOS in the high pressure regime, transitioning to a Variable-Gamma (VG) EOS at lower pressures. Simulations of three TNT charges suspended in a $26\,\hbox {m}^3$ explosion chamber were performed. When compared to numerical results using existing methods, it was determined that the Afterburning EOS delays the shock arrival times giving better agreement with the experimental measurements in the early to mid time. In the late time, the Afterburning EOS roughly halved the error between the experimental measurements and results obtained using existing methods. Use of the Afterburning EOS for products with the Variable-Gamma EOS for the surrounding air further significantly improved results, both in the transient solution and the quasi-static pressure. This final combination of EOS and mixture model is recommended for future studies involving afterburning explosives, particularly those in partial and full confinement.