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91.
92.
93.
S. M. Richardson 《Rheologica Acta》1986,25(4):372-379
The injection moulding of thermoplastics involves, during mould filling, flows of hot polymer melts into mould networks, the walls of which are so cold that frozen layers form on them. An analytical study of such flows is presented here for the case when the Graetz number is small and the Nahme number is non-zero and can be large. Thus the flows are fully-developed and temperature differences due to heat generation by viscous dissipation are sufficiently large to cause significant variations in viscosity.
Gz
Graetz number
-
h
half-height of channel or disc
-
h
*
half-height of polymer melt region in channel or disc
-
L
length of channel or pipe
-
m
viscosity shear-rate exponent
-
Na
Q
Nahme number based on flowrate
-
Na
P
Nahme number based on pressure drop
-
Na
PL
lower critical value of Nahme number based on pressure drop
-
Na
PU
upper critical value of Nahme number based on pressure drop
-
Na
P
Nahme number based on pressure gradient
-
p
pressure
-
P
pressure drop
-
Q
volumetric flowrate
-
r
radial coordinate in pipe or disc
-
R
radius of pipe
-
Re
Reynolds number
-
R
i
inner radius of disc
-
R
0
outer radius of disc
-
R
*
radius of polymer melt region in pipe
-
T
temperature
-
T
m
melting temperature of polymer
-
T
0
reference temperature
-
T
w
wall temperature
-
u
axial velocity in pipe or channel or radial velocity in disc
-
w
width of channel
-
x
axial coordinate in channel
-
y
transverse coordinate in channel or disc
-
z
axial coordinate in pipe
-
thermal conductivity of molten polymer
-
thermal conductivity of frozen polymer
-
heat capacity of molten polymer
-
viscosity temperature exponent
-
dimensionless transverse coordinate in channel or disc
-
*
dimensionless half-height of polymer melt region in channel or disc
-
dimensionless temperature
-
*
dimensionless wall temperature
-
µ
viscosity of molten polymer
-
µ
0
consistency of molten polymer
-
dimensionless pressure drop
-
dimensionless pressure gradient
-
density of molten polymer
-
dimensionless radial coordinate in pipe or disc
-
i
dimensionless inner radius of disc
-
*
dimensionless radius of polymer melt region in pipe
-
dimensionless velocity 相似文献
94.
S. M. Richardson 《Rheologica Acta》1986,25(2):180-190
The injection moulding of thermoplastics involves, during mould filling, flows of hot polymer melts into mould networks, the walls of which are so cold that frozen layers form on them. An analytical study of such flows is presented here for the case when the Graetz and Nahme numbers are large and the Pearson number is small. Thus the flows are developing and temperature differences due to heat generation by viscous dissipation are sufficiently large to cause significant variations in viscosity (but the difference between the entry temperature of the polymer to a specific part of the mould network and the melting temperature of the polymer is not).
Br
Brinkman number
-
Gz
Graetz number
-
h
half-height of channel or disc
-
h
*
half-height of polymer melt region in channel or disc
-
L
length of channel or pipe
-
m
viscosity shear-rate exponent
-
Na
Nahme number
-
p
pressure
-
P
pressure drop
-
Pe
Péclet number
-
Pn
Pearson number
-
Q
volumetric flowrate
-
r
radial coordinate in pipe or disc
-
R
radius of pipe
-
Re
Reynolds number
-
R
i
inner radius of disc
-
R
o
outer radius of disc
-
R
*
radius of polymer melt region in pipe
-
T
temperature
-
T
ad
adiabatic temperature rise
-
T
e
entry polymer melt temperature
-
T
m
melting temperature of polymer
-
T
max
maximum temperature
-
T
0
reference temperature
-
T
w
wall temperature
-
flow-average temperature rise
-
u
r
radial velocity in pipe or disc
-
u
x
axial velocity in channel
-
u
y
transverse velocity in channel or disc
-
u
z
axial velocity in pipe
-
w
width of channel
-
x
axial coordinate in channel or modified radial coordinate in disc
-
y
transverse coordinate in channel or disc
-
z
axial coordinate in pipe
-
thermal conductivity of molten polymer
-
thermal conductivity of frozen polymer
-
scaled dimensionless axial coordinate in channel or pipe or radial coordinate in disc
-
0
undetermined integration constant
-
heat capacity of molten polymer
-
viscosity temperature exponent
-
dimensionless transverse coordinate in channel or disc
-
*
dimensionless half-height of polymer melt region in channel or disc
-
H
*
scaled dimensionless half-height of polymer melt region in channel or disc or radius of polymer melt region in pipe
-
dimensionless temperature
-
*
dimensionless wall temperature
-
scaled dimensionless temperature
-
numerical constant
-
µ
viscosity of molten polymer
-
µ
0
consistency of molten polymer
-
dimensionless pressure gradient
-
scaled dimensionless pressure gradient
-
density of molten polymer
-
dimensionless radial coordinate in pipe or disc
-
i
dimensionless inner radius of disc
-
*
dimensionless radius of polymer melt region in pipe
-
dimensionless streamfunction
-
scaled dimensionless streamfunction
-
dummy variable
-
streamfunction
-
similarity variable
-
similarity variable 相似文献
95.
R. Andrew Sims Christina C.C. Willis Timothy S. McComb Vikas Sudesh Menelaos K. Poutous Martin Richardson 《Optics Communications》2011,284(7):1988-739
Output beams from three independently frequency-stabilized thulium master-oscillator power-amplifier fiber laser systems were spectrally combined using a plane-ruled metal diffraction grating. Two laser channels were frequency-stabilized with guided mode resonance filters and the third was stabilized using a plane-ruled metal diffraction grating. The systems had output wavelengths between 1984 and 2015 nm, each with a spectral width of 100-450 pm and output powers between 40-120 W. The combined beam had powers up to 49 W and was 32% efficient with respect to the launched pump power. 相似文献
96.
97.
Beryllium‐nitride (BeN) thin films were prepared by sputtering a Be target in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen. The films were doped with samarium simply by placing a piece of Sm metal on the surface of the Be target. Under these deposition conditions the films present an amorphous structure and an optical bandgap of approx. 4 eV. They also exhibit visible light emission due to Sm3+ ions as a result of either photon or electron excitation. The present experimental results show that amorphous BeN films are suitable, and efficient, III‐nitride hosts for rare‐earth doping purposes. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
98.
S B Leder J B Spitzer J C Kirchner C Flevaris-Phillips P Milner F Richardson 《The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America》1987,82(3):843-846
No objective group data on speaking rate or speaking duration have been reported on the speech of adventitiously profoundly hearing-impaired adults. Results of the present study showed that speaking rate, i.e., number of syllables per second, was significantly slower and speaking duration was significantly longer for 25 adventitiously profoundly hearing-impaired adult male cochlear implant candidates than for 10 normal-hearing control subjects. The factors of length of time since onset of profound hearing loss and hearing aid use did not significantly affect speaking rate. Based on these objective data, a rationale and method are presented for aural rehabilitation of the profoundly hearing-impaired who exhibit speaking rate abnormalities. 相似文献
99.
C. A. Richardson 《Radiation measurements》1994,23(2-3)
Reduction of the luminescence signal to a residual level before irradiation is an inherent part of the regeneration method of equivalent dose (ED) determination, but is likely to lead to changes in the sensitivity of the dosimeter. Sensitivity changes caused by different methods of reduction of the infrared- stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signal have been investigated by subjecting potassium-rich feldspars extracted from modern dune sand from Ynyslas, on the Dyfi Estuary in Wales, to repeated cycles of removal of the luminescence signal and beta irradiation. The methods used to remove the signal were exposure to natural sunlight, a solar simulator and infrared-emitting diodes with a wavelength of 880Δ 80 nm and heating to 450°C. 相似文献
100.
George SA Silfvast WT Takenoshita K Bernath RT Koay CS Shimkaveg G Richardson MC 《Optics letters》2007,32(8):997-999
Detailed spectroscopic studies on extreme UV emission from laser plasmas using tin and lithium planar solid targets were completed. At 13.5 nm, the best conversion efficiency (CE) for lithium was found to be 2.2% at intensities near 7 x 10(10) W/cm(2). The highest CE measured for tin was near 5.0% at an intensity close to 1 x 10(11) W/cm(2). 相似文献