Amidrazones 9. Convenient Syntheses of 1-Alkyl-1-Phenylhydrazines and α,β-Unsaturated Amidrazones Via Base-Promoted Reactions of 1,1-Disubstituted-3-Amino-4,5-Dihydro-1H-Pyrazolium Salts

A simple, efficient procedure for the conversion of phenylhydrazine to 1-alkyl-1-phenylhydrazines via base-promoted hydrolysis of 1-alkyl-3-amino-4,5-dihydro-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolium iodides (2) is described. N¹, N¹-disubstituted hydrazones of trans-cinnamamide and acrylamide are obtained by Hofmann-type ring openings of 1,1 -disubstituted-3-amino-4,5-dihydro-5-phenyl (or 5-unsubstituted) -1H-pyrazolium halides (5, 7).     

Substituted 4‐Oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline‐3‐carboxylic Esters by a Tandem Imine Addition‐SNAr Reaction

A tandem imine addition‐S_NAr annulation reaction has been developed as a new approach to the synthesis of 4‐oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline‐3‐carboxylic esters. A series of these structures has been generated by reacting selected imines with tert‐butyl 2‐fluoro‐5‐nitrobenzoylacetate. Structural variations in the final products are accomplished by changing the substituents on the imine and the alkyl group of the ester. The title compounds are isolated as their enols in 55–97% yield without the need for added base or catalysts. The synthesis of the starting materials as well as mechanistic studies and further synthetic conversions of the products are presented.     

Preparation and Deprotection of Aldehyde Dimethylhydrazones

Aldehydes were conveniently protected as dimethylhydrazones by stirring a mixture of the aldehyde, N,N‐dimethylhydrazine, anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and dichloromethane at room temperature. Azeotropic removal of water, formed during the course of the reaction, was not required because anhydrous magnesium sulfate functions as a water scavenger. Deprotection of aldehyde dimethylhydrazones was accomplished by stirring a mixture of the aldehyde dimethylhydrazone and aqueous glyoxylic acid at room temperature. The reaction time for the preparation and deprotection of aldehyde dimethylhydrazones varied with the structure of the aldehyde.     

Intramolecular Oxidative Coupling of the Bis Enolate Derived from Dimethyl β,β-Dimethylglutarate: A Facile Stereoselective Route to a Versatile Synthon for Preparation of Insecticidal Pyrethroids

Treatment of the bis enolate derived from dimethyl β,β-dimethylglutarate with silver chloride afforded dimethyl cis-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-cyclopropanedicarboxylate, a versatile synthon for the preparation of the acid component of cis-pyrethroids. A similar experiment utilizing iodine as the oxidant led to the isolation of the corresponding trans diester with good stereo-selectivity.     

Oppenauer Oxidations Using 1-Methyl-4-Piperidone as the Hydride Acceptor

Oppenauer oxidation constitutes a mild, often selective, procedure for the conversion of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones.¹ In many instances a ketone higher boiling than acetone must be used to facilitate the reaction. The excess ketone and the corresponding alcohol, owing to a relatively low volatility and high solubility in organic solvents, are frequently difficult to separate from the desired product. For example, cyclohexanone and cyclo-hexanol are commonly removed by steam distillation, a somewhat tedious procedure not amenable to certain sensitive compounds.     

Rapid Conventional and Microwave-Assisted Decarboxylation of L-Histidine and Other Amino Acids via Organocatalysis with R-Carvone Under Superheated Conditions

This article reports a new methodology taking advantage of superheated chemistry via either microwave or conventional heating for the facile decarboxylation of alpha amino acids using the recoverable organocatalyst, R-carvone. The decarboxylation of amino acids is an important synthetic route to biologically active amines, and traditional methods of amino acid decarboxylation are time consuming (taking up to several days in the case of L-histidine), are narrow in scope, and make use of toxic catalysts. Decarboxylations of amino acids including L-histidine occur in just minutes while replacing toxic catalysts with green catalyst, spearmint oil. Yields are comparable to or exceed previous methods and purification of product ammonium chloride salts is aided by an isomerization reaction of residual catalyst to phenolic carvacrol. The method has been shown to be effective for the decarboxylations of a range of natural, synthetic, and protected amino acids.     

Unsaturated polyester resins modified with phosphorus-containing groups: Effects on thermal properties and flammability

A novel reactive phosphorus-containing monomer [1-oxo-2,6,7-trioxa-1- phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane-methyl diallyl phosphate, PDAP] was synthesized, and various amounts of PDAP were combined with unsaturated polyester by radical bulk polymerization. The resulting flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resin (FR-UPR) samples were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests. Due to the relatively high phosphorus content of PDAP (18.2 wt%), incorporation of this monomer into unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) led to a marked decrease in the heat release capacity (HRC), the total heat release (THR), an increase in the LOI and the char yield upon combustion. In order to elaborate the interactions between the UPR and PDAP in degradation, differences between the experimental and theoretical mass losses of a FR-UPR sample were evaluated. Furthermore, thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) and real-time Fourier transform infrared (RTIR) spectroscopy were employed to investigate the degradation behavior of UPRs, providing insight into the degradation mechanism.     

Photochromic copolymers containing 3-indolylfulgides/indolylfulgimides: Synthesis and photochemical properties in toluene and as films

Photochromic indolylfulgimides covalently attached to polymers have beneficial properties for optical switching. A 3-indolylfulgide and two 3-indolylfulgimides with one or two polymerizable styrene groups attached on the nitrogen atom(s) were synthesized. Copolymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA) provided linear copolymers (one styrene group) or a cross-linked copolymer (two styrene groups). The properties of the monomers and copolymers in toluene or as thin films were characterized. The new copolymers were photochromic (reversible Z-to-C isomerization), absorbed visible light, and revealed good thermal and photochemical stability. At room temperature, all copolymer films showed no loss of absorbance after 5 weeks. At 80 °C in either toluene or as films, the Z-forms copolymers were less stable than the C-form copolymers, which showed little or no degradation after 400 h. The degradation rate due to repeated ring-closing – ring opening cycles was less than 3% per 100 cycles. The cross-linked copolymer showed photochemical stability comparable to monomeric fulgides in toluene, <1% per 100 cycles. In general, the properties of the linear and cross-linked copolymers were similar to the corresponding monomers in toluene. In films, the conformations of the Z-form were restricted due to the matrix indicating that the preparation of films from the C-form is advantageous.     

C K‐edge NEXAFS study of fluorocarbon formation on carbon anodes in molten NaF–AlF3–CaF2

Operational instability from processes occurring at the anode during the production of aluminum in the commercial Hall‐Héroult process may lead to an increase in undesirable fluorocarbon emissions, higher energy use, and shorter plant life. One contribution to this instability may be the possible formation of a fluorocarbon film at the electrode interface. Here, the surface composition of graphite anodes after electrolysis in molten NaF–AlF₃–CaF₂ at 990 °C is investigated for evidence of fluorocarbon formation using C K‐edge near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure. Fluorocarbon is identified on an anode surface after prolonged anode effect (very high overpotential with increased cell resistance) and also on an anode surface after normal electrolysis without anode effect. This provides evidence that fluorocarbon formation may occur prior to anode effect lowering the surface tension of the anode and therefore resulting in dewetting to contribute to the onset of the anode effect. Confirmation that such compounds form furthers our understanding of electrochemical reactions of graphite with fluoride and of the fundamental processes that occur in an aluminum smelter cell. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and mesogenic properties of several homologous series of aldose dialkyl dithioacetals. A model for their behaviour

Abstract

Ten homologous series (n-butyl through n-decyl) of aldose S,S-acetals (D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-xylose, D-lyxose, D- or L-arabinose, D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose) have been prepared. Most of these compounds form thermotropic liquid crystals, the exceptions being the entire L-rhamnose series and some of the derivatives with the shortest alkyl chains. All of the compounds have been investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and polarization microscopy. Some temperature dependent powder X-ray data are also presented. A model is proposed which correlates the carbohydrate configuration with the melting behaviour. On the basis of now available behaviourial characteristics, visual inspection, mixing experiments and precedent, the mesophase is identified as smectic A_d, the partially overlapping carbohydrate moieties being in the centre and the aliphatic chains pointing outward at an angle of about 62°. Despite the intrinsic chirality of all the carbohydrate mesogens, no evidence for chiral mesophases was found, not even after introduction of a homochiral branched alkyl chain.