Continuous-wave mid-infrared frequency conversion in silicon nanowaveguides

We report the first demonstration of cw wavelength conversion from the telecommunications band to the mid-IR (MIR) region via four-wave mixing in silicon nanowaveguides. We measure a parametric bandwidth of 748 nm by converting a 1636 nm signal to produce a 2384 nm idler and show continuously tunable wavelength conversion from 1792 to 2116 nm. This report indicates that the advantages of silicon photonics may be leveraged to create devices for a large range of MIR applications that require cw operation.     

Experimental verification of subwavelength acoustic focusing using a near-field array of closely spaced elements

A linear array of closely spaced sound transducers is presented that can produce a subwavelength-focused intensity profile at a distance of a quarter wavelength. This work is related to research on super-resolution using metamaterials in both the acoustic and optical domains. It is designed using the principle of shifted beams, a near-field antenna array theory developed for the subwavelength focusing of electromagnetic waves. Once the spatial sound pattern is characterized for each source, the optimal weights for a minimum beam width can be calculated. An experiment operating at 4 kHz was able to successfully construct a super-focused beam.     

Numerical study of magnetic nanoparticles concentration in biofluid (blood) under influence of high gradient magnetic field

Ferrofluids are widely used in pharmaceutical industries as magnetic separation tools, anti-cancer drug carriers and micro-valve applications. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the effect of a magnetic field on the volume concentration of magnetic nanoparticles of a non-Newtonian biofluid (blood) as a drug carrier. The effect of particles on the flow field is considered. The governing non-linear differential equations, concentration and Naviar-stokes are coupled with the magnetic field. To solve these equations, a finite volume based code is developed and utilized. The results show accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles near the magnetic source until it looks like a solid object. The accumulation of nanoparticles is due to the magnetic force that overcomes the fluid drag force. As the magnetic strength and size of the magnetic particles increase, the accumulation of nanoparticles increases, as well. The magnetic susceptibility of particles also affects the flow field and the contour of the concentration considerably.     

Pyrophosphate Selective Recognition in Aqueous Solution Based on Fluorescence Enhancement of a New Aluminium Complex

A novel and simple fluorescence enhancement method for selective pyrophosphate(PPi) sensing was proposed based on a 1:1 metal complex formation between bis(8-hydroxy quinoline-5-solphonat) chloride aluminum(III) (Al(QS)₂Cl), (L) and PPi in aqueous solution. The linear response range covers a concentration range of 1.6 × 10⁻⁷ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L of PPi and the detection limit of 2.3 × 10⁻⁸ mol/L. The association constant of L-PPi complex was calculated 2.6 × 10⁵ L/mol. L was found to show selectively and sensitively fluorescence enhancement toward PPi over than I₃^-, NO₃^-, CN⁻, CO₃²⁻, Br⁻, Cl⁻, F⁻, H₂PO4⁻ and SO₄²⁻, which was attributed to higher stability of inorganic complex between pyrophosphate and L.     

Laser based fabrication of chitosan mediated silver nanoparticles

We report fabrication of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by laser ablation technique in different concentrations of aqueous chitosan solution. The ablation process of silver plate was carried out by using a nanosecond Q-switched Nd:YAG pulsed laser and the characterization of Ag NPs was done by Transmission electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. UV-visible plasmon absorption spectra revealed that the formation efficiency as well as the stability of nanoparticles was increased by addition of chitosan. On the other hand, the size decrement of nanoparticles was more remarkable in the higher chitosan concentration.     

Markov Properties of Electrical Discharge Current Fluctuations in Plasma

Using the Markovian method, we study the stochastic nature of electrical discharge current fluctuations in the Helium plasma. Sinusoidal trends are extracted from the data set by the Fourier-Detrended Fluctuation analysis and consequently cleaned data is retrieved. We determine the Markov time scale of the detrended data set by using likelihood analysis. We also estimate the Kramers-Moyal’s coefficients of the discharge current fluctuations and derive the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation. In addition, the obtained Langevin equation enables us to reconstruct discharge time series with similar statistical properties compared with the observed in the experiment. We also provide an exact decomposition of temporal correlation function by using Kramers-Moyal’s coefficients. We show that for the stationary time series, the two point temporal correlation function has an exponential decaying behavior with a characteristic correlation time scale. Our results confirm that, there is no definite relation between correlation and Markov time scales. However both of them behave as monotonic increasing function of discharge current intensity. Finally to complete our analysis, the multifractal behavior of reconstructed time series using its Keramers-Moyal’s coefficients and original data set are investigated. Extended self similarity analysis demonstrates that fluctuations in our experimental setup deviates from Kolmogorov (K41) theory for fully developed turbulence regime.     

Zero Tension Kardar-Parisi-Zhang Equation in (d + 1)–Dimensions

The joint probability distribution function (PDF) of the height and its gradients is derived for a zero tension d + 1-dimensional Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation. It is proved that the height's PDF of zero tension KPZ equation shows lack of positivity after a finite time t _c . The properties of zero tension KPZ equation and its differences with the case that it possess an infinitesimal surface tension is discussed. Also potential relation between the time scale t _c and the singularity time scale t _c.v→0 of the KPZ equation with an infinitesimal surface tension is investigated.     

Evaluation the pozzolanic reactivity of sonochemically fabricated nano natural pozzolan

Natural pozzolans are appropriate supplementary cementitious materials in cement and concrete industry. A simple sonochemical method was developed to synthesize nanostructures of natural pozzolan. Chemical composition, crystallinity, morphology and reactivity of the natural pozzolan samples were compared before and after the sonochemical process, by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermal Gravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA). Compressive strength tests were performed to evaluate the properties of blended cements incorporating nano natural pozzolan. Under optimized conditions, the nano natural pozzolans showed a superior reactivity as compared with the bulk natural pozzolan. Also higher compressive strength was obtained for the cement specimen incorporating nano natural pozzolan.     

Laser surface alloying of an electroless Ni–P coating with Al-356 substrate

Laser surface alloying of an electroless plating Ni–P coatings on an Al-356 aluminium alloy was carried out using a 1-kW pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The microstructure, chemical composition and phase identification of the alloyed layer were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), respectively. It was shown that laser surface treatment produced a relatively smooth, crack-free and hard surface layer. The hardness of the surface significantly increased due to the formation of the uniformly distributed fine Ni–Al intermetallic phases. The corrosion behaviour of the surface alloyed specimens in 3.5% NaCl solution at 23 °C was also determined by electrochemical techniques. The laser-alloyed surface showed an improved corrosion and pitting potential compared to the substrate as well as the plated Ni–P coating.     

Geodesic motion in the neighbourhood of submanifolds embedded in warped product spaces

We study the classical geodesic motions of nonzero rest mass test particles and photons in (3 + 1 + n)- dimensional warped product spaces. An important feature of these spaces is that they allow a natural decoupling between the motions in the (3 + 1)-dimensional spacetime and those in the extra n dimensions. Using this decoupling and employing phase space analysis we investigate the conditions for confinement of particles and photons to the (3 + 1)- spacetime submanifold. In addition to providing information regarding the motion of photons, we also show that these motions are not constrained by the value of the extrinsic curvature. We obtain the general conditions for the confinement of geodesics in the case of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds as well as establishing the conditions for the stability of such confinement. These results also generalise a recent result of the authors concerning the embeddings of hypersurfaces with codimension one.