Examination of the swelling of heat protective hydrocolloids by DSC

While the basic fermented (sour) milk products, such as yogurt and kefir can be produced only in live flora version, the post heat-treatment is preferred in their flavored variations to increase the storage time. Casein being in sour coagulum precipitates during heat-treatment; therefore protective colloids surrounding the protein should be used to prevent it. Protective colloids are plant extracts, the most known of them are pectin and amylopectin. Basic requirement of protective colloid effect is the lower swelling temperature of hydrocolloid than the temperature of precipitation of sour coagulum. In this work we have examined the precipitation of sour coagulum as a function of the type of lactic acid bacteria cultures applied during fermentation as well as the swelling of heat protective plant hydrocolloids as a function of the composition (mainly of sugar content) of medium. To investigate the precipitation of fermented coagulum skimmed milk was fermented with mesophilic butter culture, thermophilic yogurt culture as well as with exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing Prebiolact-2 culture. Precipitation was indicated in the increase of great extent of viscosity. Amylopectin was dispersed into aqueous solution of pH 4.5, the saccharose concentration of which was changed during the investigation of the swelling of heat protective hydrocolloids. A definite exothermic peak was assigned to the swelling of hydrocolloids during the DSC experiments. We could conclude that the precipitation temperature was increasing in the mesophilic-thermophilic-EPS producing microbes line, i.e. the heat stability and swelling temperature of hydrocolloids depend on the saccharose content of aqueous medium and they increase with rising the concentration of saccharose.     

Second-order nonlinear optical properties of the Ag(111)/electrolyte interface in the presence of self-assembled monolayers containing conjugated pi systems. I. Alpha-functionalized terthiophene films on Ag(111)

The nonlinear optical properties of self-assembled monolayers obtained from bonding two different alpha-functionalized terthiophenes (alpha-T3) to (111) silver electrode surfaces have been investigated using second harmonic generation (SHG). The two (alpha-T3) compounds used were functionalized with alkane chains of different lengths (C8 and C4), and each was terminated with a thiol anchoring group. A nitrile group was attached to the terminal thiophene ring of the (alpha-T3) compound with the C4 chain. The orientation of the polarization of the incident beam was changed systematically and gradually between "p" and "s" orientation and the SH signal (isotropic and anisotropic contributions) analyzed in both directions ("P" and "S"). The symmetry of the system was reduced by the presence of the adlayers from C3v to C3. The dependence on the applied potential and the incident wavelength has also been studied. The relative magnitudes and phases of the various second-order tensor elements have been estimated and compared with the values for a bare surface. A resonance process in the (alpha-T3) pi moiety has been investigated, and from this, the effective "band-gap" energies of the organic semiconductor SAMs (i.e., the energy difference between the pi-pi bands) have been estimated.     

Reference electrodes based on conducting polymers

Several attempts to produce conducting polymer based all-solid-state reference electrodes are presented. Open circuit potential of conducting polymers is redox sensitive and Donan equilibrium dependent. Therefore, more sophisticated constructions are necessary. Most promising were bilayers composed of conducting polymers with different ion-exchanger properties.     

Eine globalanalytische Behandlung des Douglas'schen Problems

In this paper we consider the Douglas problem of genus O. Starting point is the global analysis for minimal surfaces of the type of the disc which was developed by A.J. Tromba. The set of all k-connected minimal surfaces of genus O has a product structure, which is a consequence of the variation of the conformal type. The base space is the space of domain parameters and the fibres are the manifolds of k-connected minimal surfaces of constant conformal type (cf.[7]). It is possible to develop a global analysis also for the more general situation considered here with the following results:

-The map which assigns to every minimal surface its boundary curve (in the sense of the Douglas problem) is a Fredholm operator. The index depends on the number and the total order of the branch points.

-The analysis allows to prove isolatedness and stability results in a relatively simple way.

     

Einwirkung von Schwefel und Ammoniak auf Propiophenon,n-Butyrophenon und i-Butyrophenon

Zusammenfassung Bei der Einwirkung von Schwefel und Ammoniak auf Propiophenon,n-Butyrophenon undi-Butyrophenon entstehen die entsprechenden Thiazoline-(3), deren saure Hydrolyse zu -Mercaptopropiophenon, -Mercapto-n-butyrophenon bzw. -Mercapto-i-butyrophenon führt. Die Dehydrierung dieser -Mercaptoketone mit Schwefel zu Di- bzw. Trisulfiden wird beschrieben. Die Kondensation der -Mercaptoketone mit Ammoniak und einer Oxokomponente führt zu neuen Thiazolinen-(3), von denen die in 2- und 5-Stellung monosubstituierten Vertreter sich mittels Schwefel zu Thiazolen dehydrieren lassen.

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The interaction of sulfur and ammonia with propiophenone,n-butyrophenone andi-butyrophenone leads to the corresponding thiazolines-(3). On acid hydrolysis of the latter -mercaptopropiophenone, -mercapto-n-butyrophenone and -mercapto-i-butyrophenone respectively are formed. The dehydrogenation of these -mercaptoketones with sulfur to di- and trisulfides respectively is described. The condensation of the -mercaptoketones with ammonia and oxo-components yields new thiazolines-(3) of which the 2- and 5-monosubstituted compounds can be dehydrogenated to thiazols with elementary sulfur.

     

Goldstone mode singularities and equation of state of an isotropic magnet

Static properties of an isotropic magnet are calculated in the whole critical region including the magnetization curve. The method proposed is a resummation of renormalized perturbation theory without use of recursion relations. This is possible because only special diagrams or subdiagrams show infrared divergencies at the magnetization curve due to Goldstone modes. The arguments given are heavily based on Ward identities. The resulting perturbation theory is well behaved in the total critical region and exhibits explicitely the form of the Goldstone mode singularities at the magnetization curve. The equation of state is calculated including two-loop contribution. Resulting effective exponents are then correct in order in the whole critical region. In various limits agreement with known results is found. A one-loop calculation of the correlation functions is also given.     

Combined electron diffraction,conformational energy and vibrational investigations of cis-1,4-ditertiary butyl-cyclohexane

The structure of cis-1,4-ditertiarybutylcyclohexane(DTBC) was investigated by combined electron diffraction, conformational and vibrational analyses in order to obtain results which are more conclusive than those previously obtained by electron diffraction alone. In this study, first the minimum energy conformations for DTBC were calculated by the Westheimer-Hendrickson procedure using various force fields described in the literature; the same fields and the minimum energy conformations were used in subsequent vibrational analyses to calculate the mean amplitudes of vibration for each minimum energy conformation of DTBC; these mean amplitudes and the corresponding internuclear distances were then used to calculate the theoretical electron diffraction radial distribution curves which were compared to the experimental curves. The results indicate that the conformational energies of all the minimum energy chair and non-chair forms of DTBC are very similar. In excellent agreement with this, the theoretical radial distribution curves of all minimum energy forms have to be mixed for a best fit to the experimental radial distribution curve. A least squares analysis of the mixture under the described conditions yields for 110 °C a composition of approximately one third chair and two thirds non-chair forms. The quality of the empirical conformational force fields has a definite influence on the reliability of these results.     

Über die Aufnahme von Blei und Wismut durch Glasoberflächen

Zusammenfassung Versuche über die Adsorption von Radioblei an Glas zeigen, daß aus wäßrigen Lösungen aufgenommene Bleiionen in zwei verschiedenen Zuständen am Glas vorliegen — einem lockeren Adsorptions-Zustand, der auf Ionenaustauschadsorption beruht, und einer festen, vorwiegend homöopolaren Bindung an das Glasnetzwerk. Weitere Versuche gaben Aufschluss über den Mechanismus der Aufnahme in die beiden Zustände. Die Messung der Adsorption und Desorption von Radioblei ist zur Untersuchung von Glasoberflächen geeignet: So ist es — wie durch Versuche an Natronglas und Quarzglas gezeigt wird —möglich, charakteristische Unterschiede zwischen den Oberflächen verschiedener Gläser festzustellen. Weiters erhält man für Glasproben gleicher Zusammensetzung Einblick in die chemische und thermische Vorgeschichte der Oberflächen. Schließlich liefert die Ablösung von Radioblei von Gläsern unter gewissen Bedingungen Aussagen über den Angriff von Lösungen auf das Glas. Auch Wismut kann an Glasoberflächen sehr fest gebunden werden.Herrn Prof. Dr.L. Ebert in Verehrung zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.