Die Messung des Kraftverlaufs beim kurzzeitigen Zerreißen von Kunststoffen durch eine Sprengstoffdetonation mittels Dehnungsmeßstreifen

Zusammenfassung Zur Messung der Zugfestigkeit bei kürzesten Beanspruchungszeiten wird eine Prüfapparatur beschrieben, bei der die Beanspruchung des Prüfstabes durch eine Sprengstoffdetonation erfolgt. Durch ein besonders eingebautes Me?element, das aus einem dünnwandigen Stahlrohr mit geeignet angebrachten Dehnungsme?streifen besteht, ist es m?glich, den zeitlichen Verlauf der vor dem Zerrei?en auf den Prüfstab wirkenden Kraft exakt zu messen. Es wird gezeigt, da? durch die besondere Anordnung der Dehnungsme?streifen ein tr?gheitsfreies Messen bis zu einer Zeit von 5 · 10⁻⁵ sec, bei einer Genauigkeit der Kraftmessung von ± 10%, erreicht werden kann. Messungen mit dieser Apparatur an verschiedenen Kunststoffen zeigen, da? das für den kurzzeitigsten Beanspruchungsbereich gewonnene Kurvenstück, das die Abh?ngigkeit der Zugfestigkeit von der Beanspruchungszeit gibt, zwanglos mit der Zugfestigkeit beim normalen Zugversuch mit wesentlich l?ngerer Beanspruchungszeit in Verbindung gesetzt werden kann. Auch Stoffe, die beim üblichen Zugversuch fast gleiche Zugfestigkeiten aufweisen, zeigen im kurzzeitigsten Bereich ein sehr unterschiedliches Verhalten. Ein glas?hnlicher Bruch beim Polyester und Polystyrol l?uft parallel mit einer konstanten Zugfestigkeit auch bei kürzesten Beanspruchungszeiten, w?hrend die spr?den Brüche von bei normalen Beanspruchungszeiten plastisch verformbaren Substanzen parallel laufen mit einem zum Teil sehr starken Anstieg der Zugfestigkeit, wie das beim Polyamid und Polyvinylchlorid der Fall ist. Vorgetragen auf der Arbeitssitzung des Fachausschusses „Physik der Hochpolymeren“ im Verband der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaften zur Physikertagung München am 7. September 1956. Abschliegend sei noch den Herren Dr. H. Elsner und Dr. E. Nümann, Dynamit-Actien-Gesellsehafg, Troisdorf, für die freundliehe Ungerstützung dureh Hinweise gedankt. Ebenso sei noehmals dankend erw?hnt, da? die Farbenfabriken Bayer, Abt. Kautsehuk und Kunstsgoffe, freundlieherweise Kunststoffproben zur Verfügung gestellg haben.     

Problems with sub-p.p.b. mercury determinations: preservation of standards and prevention of water mist interferences

Instrumentation, for the cold-vapor atomic absorption determination of mercury has been improved by several modifications including an a.c.—d.c. switching circuit; a single module for the light source, beam splitter, and reference PMT; and the use of an electrically heated glass tube to vaporize water mist, in place of the conventional magnesium perchlorate drying tube. Its use to study the effectiveness of nine common oxidizing agents as preservatives for sub-p.p.b. concentrations of mercury(II) in distilled water has shown that only combinations of nitric acid with potassium dichromate or gold(III) are suitable.     

Adsorption of hydrogen on a Pt(111) surface

The H₂/Pt(111) system has been studied with LEED, ELS, thermal desorption spectroscopy and contact potential measurements. At 150 K H₂ was found to adsorb with an initial sticking coefficient of about 0.1, yielding an atomic H:Pt ratio of about 0.8:1 at saturation. H₂/D₂ exchange experiments gave evidence that adsorption is completely dissociative. No exrea LEED spots due to adsorbed hydrogen were observed, but the adsorbate was found to strongly damp the secondary Bragg maxima in the I/V spectrum of the specular beam. The primary Bragg maxima were slightly increased in intensity and shifted to somewhat lower energy. A new characteristic electron energy loss at ?15.4 eV was recorded upon hydrogen adsorption. The thermal desorption spectra were characterized by a high temperature (β₂-) state desorbing with second order kinetics below 400 K and a low temperature (β₂-) state that fills up, in the main, after the first peak saturates. The β₂-state is associated with an activation energy for desorption E1 of 9.5 kcal/mole. The decrease E1 with increasing coverage and the formation of the β₁-state are interpreted in terms of a lateral interaction model. The anomalous structure in the thermal desorption spectra is attributed to domains of non-equilibrium configuration. The work function change Δ? was found to have a small positive maximum (～ 2 mV) at very low hydrogen doses (attributed to structural imperfections) and then to decrease continuously to a value of ?230 mV at saturation. The variation of Δ? with coverage is stronger than linear. The isosteric heats of adsorption as derived from adsorption isotherms recorded via Δ? compared well with the results of the analysis of the thermal desorption spectra.     

Discussion of Different Model Approaches for the Flow Behavior of Ice

Ice of Antarctic ice shelves is assumed to behave on long-term as an incompressible viscous fluid, which is dominated on short time scales by the elastic response. Hence, a viscoelastic material model is required. The thermodynamic pressure is treated differently in elastic and viscous models. For small deformations, the elastic isometric stress for ν → 0.5 gives similar results to those solving for pressure in an incompressible laminar flow model. A viscous model, in which the thermodynamic pressure is approximated by an elastic isometric stress, can be easily extended to viscoelasticity. (© 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Elucidation of the Key Role of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in Photocatalyzed RAFT Polymerization

Photocatalysis reactions using [Ru^II(bpy)₃]²⁺ were studied on the example of visible‐light‐sensitized reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Although both photoinduced electron‐ and energy‐transfer mechanisms are able to describe this interaction, no definitive experimental proof has been presented so far. This paper investigates the actual mechanism governing this reaction. A set of RAFT agents was selected, their redox potentials measured by cyclic voltammetry, and relaxed triplet energies calculated by quantum mechanics. Gibbs free‐energy values were calculated for both electron‐ and energy‐transfer mechanisms. Quenching rate constants were determined by laser flash photolysis. The results undoubtedly evidence the involvement of a photoinduced energy‐transfer reaction. Controlled photopolymerization experiments are discussed in the light of the primary photochemical process and photodissociation ability of RAFT agent triplet states.     

1,2‐Thiazines: One‐Pot Syntheses Utilizing Mono and Diaza Analogs of Sulfones

A one‐pot Michael addition/cyclization/condensation reaction sequence for the regioselective synthesis of 1,2‐thiazines, starting from propargyl ketones and NH‐sulfoximines or NH‐sulfondiimines, has been developed. Under mild and operationally simple reaction conditions previously unprecedented 1,2‐thiazine 1‐imide and 1‐oxide derivatives are formed in good to excellent yields. The products represent heterocyclic building blocks, readily modifiable by a regioselective C?H bond functionalization, classical cross‐coupling reactions, and deprotection.     

Nitric oxide heme interactions in nitrophorin from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cimex lectularius</Emphasis>

The nitrophorin from the bedbug Cimex lectularius (cNP) is a nitric oxide (NO) carrying protein. Like the nitrophorins (rNPs) from the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus, cNP forms a stable heme Fe(III)-NO complex, where the NO can be stored reversibly for a long period of time. In both cases, the NPs are found in the salivary glands of blood-sucking bugs. The insects use the nitrophorins to transport the NO to the victim’s tissues, resulting in vasodilation and reduced blood coagulation. However, the structure of cNP is significantly different to those of the rNPs from Rhodnius prolixus. Furthermore, the cNP can bind a second NO molecule to the proximal heme cysteine when present at higher concentrations. High field Mössbauer spectroscopy on ⁵⁷Fe enriched cNP complexed with NO shows reduction of the heme iron and formation of a ferrous nitric oxide (Fe(II)-NO) complex. Density functional theory calculations reproduce the experimental Mössbauer parameters and confirm this observation.