3D-CT(Computer Tomography) Measurement of an Instantaneous Density Distribution of Turbulent Flames with a Multi-Directional Quantitative Schlieren Camera (Reconstructions of High-Speed Premixed Burner Flames with Different Flow Velocities)

In order to provide a suitable technique for 3D observation of high speed turbulent flames, non-scanning 3D-CT(Computer Tomography) technique using a multi-directional quantitative schlieren system with flash light source, is proposed for instantaneous density distribution of unsteady premixed flames. This “schlieren 3D-CT” is based on (i)simultaneous acquisition of flash-light schlieren images taken from numerous directions, and (ii) 3D-CT reconstruction of the images by an appropriate CT algorithm. In this paper, first, as a preliminary research, 3D-CT reconstruction of non-axisymmetric steady flame is made with a single-directional quantitative schlieren system. Next, with custom-made 20 directional schlieren camera, instantaneous density distributions of a high-speed turbulent flames of nozzle exit velocities of 8.0 and 10.0 m/s has been CT-reconstructed. The 3D-views of the reconstructed flame front shape clearly give the information of the flame structure with fine scale corrugations. Based on the distributions, area-enlargement rates of the flame front area are derived, and investigated.     

1:1 Hetero‐assembly of 2‐amino­pyrimidine and (+)‐camphoric acid

In the title cocrystal, 2‐aminopyrimidine–(+)‐camphoric acid (1/1), C₄H₅N₃·C₁₀H₁₆O₄, the 2‐amino­pyrimidine forms two eight‐membered hydrogen‐bonded rings with two different camphoric acid mol­ecules. This results in infinite wave‐like chains of mol­ecules in which neighbouring chains are connected by weak C—H?O contacts. The five‐membered ring in the acid mol­ecule adopts a half‐chair conformation.     

3,6‐Bis­(4‐hydroxy­benzyl)­piperazine‐2,5‐dione

In the title compound, C₁₈H₁₆N₂O₄, the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation, lying on an inversion centre. The 4‐hydroxy­benzyl groups are in quasi‐axial positions. A two‐dimensional network is formed through N—H?O and O—H?O intermolecular hydrogen bonds and C—H?O interactions.     

O‐Ethyl and O‐methyl N‐(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl)thiocarbamate

In both the title structures, O‐ethyl N‐(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐d ‐gluco­pyran­osyl)­thio­carbam­ate, C₁₇H₂₅NO₁₀S, and O‐methyl N‐(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐d ‐gluco­pyran­osyl)­thiocar­bam­ate, C₁₆H₂₃NO₁₀S, the hexo­pyran­osyl ring adopts the ⁴C₁ conformation. All the ring substituents are in equatorial positions. The acetoxy­methyl group is in a gauche–gauche conformation. The S atom is in a synperi­planar conformation, while the C—N—C—O linkage is antiperiplanar. N—H?O intermolecular hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into infinite chains and these are connected by C—H?O interactions.     

Bis­(O,O′‐di‐p‐tolyldithiophosphato‐S,S′)(1,10‐phenanthroline‐N,N′)nickel(II)

The title coordination complex, [Ni(C₁₄H₁₄O₂PS₂)₂(C₁₂H₈N₂)] or [Ni(pMePh‐dtp)₂(phen)] (phen is 1,10‐phenanthroline; dtp is di­aryl­di­thio­phosphate), has a non‐crystallographic twofold axis of symmetry through the Ni atom and the phen moiety. Two O,O‐di‐p‐tolyl­di­thio­phosphate (dtp) ions act as bidentate ligands. The central metal atom is coordinated by four S atoms from two dtp groups and two N atoms from the phen ligand. The title compound displays distorted octahedral geometry around the central Ni atom.     

Ethyl (6aRS,8RS,12bRS)‐6‐oxo‐8‐phenyl‐6a,7,8,12b‐tetra­hydro‐6H‐benzo­[b]naphtho­[1,2‐d]­pyran‐6a‐carboxylate

In the title compound, C₂₆H₂₂O₄, the pyran­one ring adopts a twisted boat conformation, while the cyclo­hexane ring is close to an envelope conformation. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the coumarin and naphthalene systems is 78.8 (1)°. The attached phenyl ring is in an equatorial position with respect to the cyclo­hexane ring.     

Syn‐ and anticlinal isomers of 2a′‐acetoxy‐1,7′‐diacetyl‐7′,7a′‐dihydro‐2‐oxospiro[1H‐indole‐3(2H),2′(2a′H)‐oxeto[3,2‐b]indole]

In the syn‐ and anticlinal isomers of the title compound, C₂₂H₁₈N₂O₆, the indole moiety is not completely planar, with the pyrrolidine ring being distorted very slightly towards a conformation intermediate between half‐chair and envelope. The molecular and packing structures in the crystals of these isomers are stabilized by C—H?O interactions.     

Solvatochromism and piezochromism of metal→ligand chargetransfer bands of ternary diimine complexes of tungsten(0), molybdenum(0), and iron(II)

Summary The solvatochromic behaviour of W(CO)₄(LL), LL=a diazabutadiene or a pyridine Schiff base, and of Mo(CO)₄ (butane-2,3-dionedihydrazone) is described. Pressure effects on the charge-transfer spectra of these compounds, the [Mo(CO)₄(fz)]^2– anion {fz=ferrozine; 3-(2-pyridyl)-5, 6-bis-(4-sulphonatophenyl)-1,2,4-triazine}, and Fe(bipy)₂(CN)₂ are reported. Solvent sensitivities are discussed in terms of the nature of the ligands and of the central metal atom, and the idea of a correlation between these solvent sensitivities and piezochromic behaviour developed for these and related ternary irondiimine-cyanide species.Author to whom all correspondence should be directed.     

1,4‐Methano‐11a‐methyl‐4,4a,11,11a‐tetrahydro‐1H‐benzo­[b]­fluoren‐11‐one

The title compound, C₁₉H₁₆O, crystallizes with two mol­ecules of opposite chirality in the asymmetric unit. In both mol­ecules, the naphthalene and cyclo­pentanone moieties are individually planar. The two cyclo­pentane rings adopt envelope conformations, while the cyclo­hexane ring adopts a boat conformation.