全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2789篇 |
免费 | 48篇 |
国内免费 | 13篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2070篇 |
晶体学 | 18篇 |
力学 | 57篇 |
数学 | 343篇 |
物理学 | 362篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 19篇 |
2019年 | 19篇 |
2018年 | 13篇 |
2017年 | 21篇 |
2016年 | 34篇 |
2015年 | 36篇 |
2014年 | 46篇 |
2013年 | 133篇 |
2012年 | 114篇 |
2011年 | 130篇 |
2010年 | 70篇 |
2009年 | 48篇 |
2008年 | 137篇 |
2007年 | 132篇 |
2006年 | 131篇 |
2005年 | 133篇 |
2004年 | 118篇 |
2003年 | 75篇 |
2002年 | 100篇 |
2001年 | 38篇 |
2000年 | 44篇 |
1999年 | 39篇 |
1998年 | 28篇 |
1997年 | 34篇 |
1996年 | 57篇 |
1995年 | 36篇 |
1994年 | 42篇 |
1993年 | 38篇 |
1992年 | 30篇 |
1991年 | 36篇 |
1990年 | 29篇 |
1989年 | 23篇 |
1988年 | 30篇 |
1987年 | 27篇 |
1986年 | 23篇 |
1985年 | 51篇 |
1984年 | 51篇 |
1983年 | 42篇 |
1982年 | 60篇 |
1981年 | 58篇 |
1980年 | 64篇 |
1979年 | 50篇 |
1978年 | 58篇 |
1977年 | 41篇 |
1976年 | 34篇 |
1975年 | 48篇 |
1974年 | 44篇 |
1973年 | 30篇 |
1972年 | 22篇 |
1968年 | 17篇 |
排序方式: 共有2850条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Claude Aslangul Alain Veillard Raymond Daudel Fernand Gallais 《Theoretical chemistry accounts》1971,23(3):211-225
Résumé On propose un exemple quantitatif de la distinction entre une liaison de covalence et une liaison de coordination; cette différenciation, fondée sur les propriétés de la molécule une fois formée, semble très nette pour les énergies de liaison, les populations de recouvrement et les charges des groupes; en particulier, un critère récent, proposé par deux des auteurs, est remarquablement vérifié. Enfin, on essaie de préciser la signification des symboles chimiques traditionnels.
Les auteurs tiennent à remercier très vivement M. M. Berthier et Millié d'avoir mis à leur disposition le programme de localisation indispensable à ce travail, ainsi que Mademoiselle Le Guen et le C.I.R.C.E. pour la réalisation des calculs sur l'ordinateur IBM 360-75. 相似文献
Quantitative studies of the difference between a covalence and a coordination bond: The molecules of amine-borane and aminoborane
An illustration of the distinction between these two types of chemical bonds is proposed, which is based on the properties of the molecule once built. Bond energies, overlap populations and group charges vary considerably from one compound to the other; more, a recent criterion given by two of the authors seems to be particularly suitable for describing the character of the bond. Lastly, one tries to give an explicit signification to the usual chemical symbols.
Zusammenfassung Es wird ein quantitatives Beispiel der Unterscheidung zwischen einer kovalenten und einer koordinativen Bindung angegeben, die auf den Eigenschaften des vorliegenden Moleküls beruht. Sie erscheint sehr günstig für die Bindungsenergien, die Überlagerungspopulationen und die Gruppenladungen. Insbesondere wird ein Kriterium, das kürzlich von zwei der Autoren angegeben wurde, gut verifiziert. Schließlich wird versucht, die üblichen chemischen Symbole zu präzisieren.
Les auteurs tiennent à remercier très vivement M. M. Berthier et Millié d'avoir mis à leur disposition le programme de localisation indispensable à ce travail, ainsi que Mademoiselle Le Guen et le C.I.R.C.E. pour la réalisation des calculs sur l'ordinateur IBM 360-75. 相似文献
102.
Uzun O Sanyal A Nakade H Thibault RJ Rotello VM 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2004,126(45):14773-14777
Polystyrene functionalized with diamidopyridine (DAP) recognition units self-assembles in nonpolar media to form thermally reversible micrometer-scale spherical aggregates. The size and the thermal stability of these microspheres can be controlled by the molecular weight of the polymer. The addition of thymine-functionalized polymer to these self-assembled microspheres converted them into vesicular aggregates with a controlled size. The morphology change was reversible: the addition of DAP-functionalized polymer converted the vesicles back to microspheres. 相似文献
103.
Mund G Vidovic D Batchelor RJ Britten JF Sharma RD Jones CH Leznoff DB 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2003,9(19):4757-4763
Several iron(III) complexes incorporating diamidoether ligands are described. The reaction between [Li(2)[RN(SiMe(2))](2)O] and FeX(3) (X=Cl or Br; R=2,4,6-Me(3)Ph or 2,6-iPr(2)Ph) form unusual ate complexes, [FeX(2)Li[RN(SiMe(2))](2)O](2) (2, X=Cl, R=2,4,6-Me(3)Ph; 3, X=Br, R=2,4,6-Me(3)Ph; 4, X=Cl, R=2,6-iPr(2)Ph) which are stabilized by Li-pi interactions. These dimeric iron(III)-diamido complexes exhibit magnetic behaviour characteristic of uncoupled high spin (S= 5/2 ) iron(III) centres. They also undergo halide metathesis resulting in reduced iron(II) species. Thus, reaction of 2 with alkyllithium reagents leads to the formation of iron(II) dimer [Fe[Me(3)PhN(SiMe(2))](2)O](2) (6). Similarly, the previously reported iron(III)-diamido complex [FeCl[tBuN(SiMe(2))](2)O](2) (1) reacts with LiPPh(2) to yield the iron(II) dimer [Fe[tBuN(SiMe(2))](2)O](2) but reaction with LiNPh(2) gives the iron(II) product [Fe(2)(NPh(2))(2)[tBuN(SiMe(2))](2)O] (5). Some redox chemistry is also observed as side reactions in the syntheses of 2-4, yielding THF adducts of FeX(2): the one-dimensional chain [FeBr(2)(THF)(2)](n) (7) and the cluster [Fe(4)Cl(8)(THF)(6)]. The X-ray crystal structures of 3, 5 and 7 are described. 相似文献
104.
Saalfrank RW Glaser H Demleitner B Hampel F Chowdhry MM Schünemann V Trautwein AX Vaughan GB Yeh R Davis AV Raymond KN 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2002,8(2):493-497
In a one-pot reaction, the tetranuclear iron chelate complex [Fe4(L4)4] 6 was generated from benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid trichloride (4), bis-tert-butyl malonate (5a), methyllithium, and iron(II) dichloride under aerobic conditions. Alternatively, hexanuclear iron chelate complex [Fe(L5)6] 7 was formed starting from bis-para-tolyl malonate (5b) by employing identical reaction conditions to those applied for the synthesis of 6. The clusters 6 and 7 are present as racemic mixtures of homoconfigurational (delta,delta,delta,delta)/(lambda,lambda,lambda,lambda)-fac or (delta,delta,delta,delta,delta,delta)/(lambda,lambda,lambda,lambda,lambda,lambda)-fac stereoisomers. The structures of 6 and 7 were unequivocally resolved by single-crystal X-ray analyses. The all-iron(III) character of 6 and 7 was determined by M?ssbauer spectroscopy. 相似文献
105.
An investigation was conducted of various glasses, other than soda lime or borosilicate, for use in glass capillary gas chromatography. The work has uncovered some unique chromatographic qualities in the use of potash soda lead and fused silica glasses as materials for making glass capillary columns. The fused silica proved to be an ideal material for capillary column construction, being inherently more inert than glass containing metal oxides. It has been shown that through the use of thin wall capillary tubing of high flexibility many of the mechanical problems associated with glass capillary columns, such as fragility and column straightening, can be avoided. 相似文献
106.
107.
Raymond H. Plaut 《Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Physik (ZAMP)》1979,30(3):548-552
The influence of load position of lhe snap-through instability of shallow, circular, elastic arches is investigated. Results are obtained for pinned, clamped, and clamped-pinned end conditions. The worst load position is seen to depend on the arch rise.
Zusammenfassung Der Eifluss der Kraftlage auf die Durchschgsinstabilität von flachen, elastischen Kreisbögen wird untersucht. Es sind Ergebnisse erhalten worden für Bögen mit gelenkigen eingespannten, und gelenkig-eingespannten Lagern. Die ungünstigste Kraftlage hängt von der Bogenhöhe ab.相似文献
108.
Alternating copolymers of vinyl acetate (VAc) and maleic anhydride (MA) are produced preferentially when VAc and MA are copolymerized at moderate temperatures while random copolymers are produced at temperatures above 90°C. A charge-transfer complex (CTC) of VAc/MA exists at moderate temperatures but does not exist at temperatures above 90°C. 相似文献
109.
Matteo Ottaviani Brian Cairns Rich Ferrare Raymond Rogers 《Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer》2012,113(10):789-804
Characterization of the Earth's surface is crucial to remote sensing, both to map geomorphological features and because subtracting this signal is essential during retrievals of the atmospheric constituents located between the surface and the sensor. Current operational algorithms model the surface total reflectance through a weighted linear combination of a few geometry-dependent kernels, each devised to describe a particular scattering mechanism. The information content of these measurements is overwhelmed by that of instruments with polarization capabilities: proposed models in this case are based on the Fresnel reflectance of an isotropic distribution of facets. Because of its remarkable lack of spectral contrast, the polarized reflectance of land surfaces in the shortwave infrared spectral region, where atmospheric scattering is minimal, can be used to model the surface also at shorter wavelengths, where aerosol retrievals are attempted based on well-established scattering theories.In radiative transfer simulations, straightforward separation of the surface and atmospheric contributions is not possible without approximations because of the coupling introduced by multiple reflections. Within a general inversion framework, the problem can be eliminated by linearizing the radiative transfer calculation, and making the Jacobian (i.e., the derivative expressing the sensitivity of the reflectance with respect to model parameters) available at output. We present a general methodology based on a Gauss–Newton iterative search, which automates this procedure and eliminates de facto the need of an ad hoc atmospheric correction.In this case study we analyze the color variations in the polarized reflectance measured by the NASA Goddard Institute of Space Studies Research Scanning Polarimeter during a survey of late-season snowfields in the High Sierra. This insofar unique dataset presents challenges linked to the rugged topography associated with the alpine environment and a likely high water content due to melting. The analysis benefits from ancillary information provided by the NASA Langley High Spectral Resolution Lidar deployed on the same aircraft.The results obtained from the iterative scheme are contrasted against the surface polarized reflectance obtained ignoring multiple reflections, via the simplistic subtraction of the atmospheric scattering contribution. Finally, the retrieved reflectance is modeled after the scattering properties of a dense collection of ice crystals at the surface. Confirming that the polarized reflectance of snow is spectrally flat would allow to extend the techniques already in use for polarimetric retrievals of aerosol properties over land to the large portion of snow-covered pixels plaguing orbital and suborbital observations. 相似文献
110.
A symmetric monoidal category naturally arises as the mathematical structure that organizes physical systems, processes, and composition thereof, both sequentially and in parallel. This structure admits a purely graphical calculus. This paper is concerned with the encoding of a fixed causal structure within a symmetric monoidal category: causal dependencies will correspond to topological connectedness in the graphical language. We show that correlations, either classical or quantum, force terminality of the tensor unit. We also show that well-definedness of the concept of a global state forces the monoidal product to be only partially defined, which in turn results in a relativistic covariance theorem. Except for these assumptions, at no stage do we assume anything more than purely compositional symmetric-monoidal categorical structure. We cast these two structural results in terms of a mathematical entity, which we call a causal category. We provide methods of constructing causal categories, and we study the consequences of these methods for the general framework of categorical quantum mechanics. 相似文献