Effects of Defoliation Treatments of Babica Grape Variety(Vitis vinifera L.) on Volatile Compounds Content in Wine

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of defoliation performed in the Babica red grape variety on the volatile compounds in produced wine. Three treatments were performed during 2017 and 2018: the removal of six leaves before flowering (FL) and at the end of veraison (VER), as well as control (C). Volatile compounds were analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrophotometric detector. Results were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA at the p = 0.05 level) and principal component analysis (PCA). Defoliation treatments were affected by the concentration of several compounds, but only in one year. The VER2017 treatment significantly increased the concentration of three aliphatic esters up to 8 C atoms and octanoic acid ethyl ester. The FL2017 treatment increased the concentration of three aliphatic alcohols. The FL2018 treatment has significantly enhanced the concentration ethyl cinnamate but decreased the concentrations of eugenol and dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-thiophenone. Both defoliation treatments reduced the concentration of γ-decanolactone in 2017. Aldehydes, monoterpenoles, and monoterpenes remained unaffected by the defoliation treatments. Vintage was found to be the largest source of variability for most volatile compounds under investigation, which was confirmed by PCA. The effect of defoliation in the mild-Mediterranean climate was found to mostly depend on seasonal weather conditions.     

Correction to: Kernel-based interpolation at approximate Fekete points

Numerical Algorithms - An equation in Section 2.1 has been corrected.     

Electrophilic substitution of the nido-dicarbaborate anion 7,8-nido-C2B9H12- with sulfenyl chlorides

Sulfenyl chlorides RSCl (R = p-C(6)H(4)OMe, Ph, p-C(6)H(4)NO(2), CN or 2-C(5)H(4)N) react with 7,8-nido-C(2)B(9)H(12)(-) with asymmetric substitution on the pentagonal C(2)B(3) face to give 9-RS-7,8-nido-C(2)B(9)H(11)(-) (R = p-C(6)H(4)OMe (3), Ph (4), p-C(6)H(4)NO(2) (5), CN (6)) and the zwitterion 9-(S-2-C(5)H(4)NH)-7,8-nido-C(2)B(9)H(11) (7), respectively, in high yield, while tBuSCl did not react and S(2)Cl(2) led to decomposition. Further reaction of 5-7 with iodine gave the corresponding iodo derivatives NMe(4) [9-I-11-RS-7,8-nido-C(2)B(9)H(10)] (R = p-C(6)H(4)NO(2) (8), CN (9)) and the zwitterion 9-I-11-(S-2-C(5)H(4)NH)-7,8-nido-C(2)B(9)H(11) (10), respectively. Compounds 3-10 were fully characterised by (1)H, (11)B, (11)B{(1)H}, (13)C{(1)H} spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis, 3-7 also by (11)B-(11)B{(1)H} COSY NMR spectroscopy and 8-10 by X-ray structure determination.     

Dizincation of a 2-substituted thiophene: constructing a cage with a [16]crown-4 zincocyclic core

Metal detector: a bowl-shaped nanomolecule (see picture; S yellow, C gray, Zn blue) containing an unprecedented 16-atom [ZnC(3)](4) "anti-crown" ring has been unearthed by isolating a dizincated 2-substituted thiophene intermediate that would normally be hidden in tandem functionalization methodology.     

Interface transport scheme of a two‐phase flow by the method of characteristics

In this paper, we study an interface transport scheme of a two‐phase flow of an incompressible viscous immiscible fluid. The problem is discretized by the characteristics method in time and finite elements method in space. The interface is captured by the level set function. Appropriate boundary conditions for the problem of mold filling are investigated, a new natural boundary condition under pressure effect for the transport equation is proposed, and an algorithm for computing the solution is presented. Finally, numerical experiments show and validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.