Conductivity and dielectric properties of polyvinyl alcohol–polyvinylpyrrolidone poly blend film using non-aqueous medium

Several methods such as copolymerization, plasticization and blending etc., have been used to modulate the conductivity of polymer electrolytes. Polymer blending is one of the most important contemporary ways for the development of new polymeric materials and it is a useful technique for designing materials with a wide variety of properties. Polymer blend electrolyte has been prepared with different concentrations of PVA and PVP by solution casting technique using DMSO as solvent. The prepared films have been investigated by different techniques. The increase in amorphous nature of the polymer electrolytes has been confirmed by XRD analysis. The FTIR analysis reveals that the interchain hydrogen bonding within a PVA–PVP blends. The dielectric permittivity (ε*) and modulus (M*) have been calculated from the ac impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range 42 Hz– 1 MHz and the temperature range 308–373 K. The maximum conductivity has been found to be 1.58 × 10^? 6 S cm^? 1 at room temperature for 70PVA:30PVP concentration. The conductivity has been increased to 5.49 × 10^? 5 S cm^? 1 when the temperature is increased to 373 K. The activation energy of all samples was calculated using the Arrhenius plot and it has been found to be 0.53 eV to 0.78 eV.     

An alternative approach to selective sea water oxidation for hydrogen production

Sea water electrolysis is one of the promising ways to produce hydrogen since it is available in plentiful supply on the earth. However, in sea water electrolysis toxic chlorine evolution is the preferred reaction over oxygen evolution at the anode. In this work, research has been focused on the development of electrode materials with a high selectivity for oxygen evolution over chlorine evolution. Selective oxidation in sea water electrolysis has been demonstrated by using a cation-selective polymer. We have used a perm-selective membrane (Nafion^®), which electrostatically repels chloride ions (Cl⁻) to the electrode surface and thereby enhances oxygen evolution at the anode. The efficiency and behaviour of the electrode have been characterized by means of anode current efficiency and polarization studies. The surface morphology of the electrode has been characterized by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results suggest that nearly 100% oxygen evolution efficiency could be achieved when using an IrO₂/Ti electrode surface-modified by a perm-selective polymer.     

Aromatic ring synthesis by N-aminopyrrole Diels-Alder reaction. Characterization of the heteroatom fragment

Aminonitrenes are produced on reaction of $\text{N}$-aminopyrroles with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate; a new reaction of dialkyl aminonitrenes is described.     

Verhalten von Kieselsäure/Tonerde-Gel als Crack-Katalysator

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

An unusually simple route to 4-demethoxy-7-deoxydaunomycinone

4-Demethoxy-7,9-dideoxy-9-bromodaunomycinone reacts rapidly with cold dilute sodium hydroxide to give, in high yield, 4-demethoxy-7-deoxydaunomycinone. Evidence is presented in support of a transient enol epoxide intermediate in this unexpected reaction.     

Laminar boundary layer on rotating sphere and spheroids in non-Newtonian fluids

Zusammenfassung Die dreidimensionalen Grenzschichtgleichungen für nicht-Newtonsche Flüssigkeiten werden in orthogonalen krummlinigen Koordinaten angegeben. In Kapitel 3 wird die von der Umdrehung einer Kugel in einer sonst ungestörten nicht-Newtonschen Flüssigkeit innerhalb der laminaren Grenzschicht erzeugte Strömung untersucht. Die Kapitel 4 und 5 behandeln in analoger Weise das verlängerte und verkürzte Sphäroid. In allen drei Fällen zeigen die Lösungen einen Zustrom an den Polen, der von einem Abfluss am Äquator ausgeglichen wird.     

Ongoing development of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis data standards

We present an approach toward standardizing two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) data in support of developing a globally relevant proteomics consensus in order to provide more efficient database querying and data comparisons through the establishment of the necessary definitions and interdisciplinary reference fields for both the 2-D PAGE community, particularly in the proteomics area, and the clinical and experimental biological research communities, in general. This article covers the need for unifying the 2-D PAGE data through a common data repository, and its usefulness in data standards and data interoperability.     

β-Cyclodextrin and its derivatives mediate selectivity in reduction of (R)-(+)-pulegone with sodium dithionite

Pulegone is reduced in two stages by sodium dithionite—first to menthone and later to epimeric methols. The presence of-cyclodextrin (BCD) and its derivatives resulted in more of the alcohols being formed. While the double bond was reduced predominantly in water, the ketone moiety was also reduced in a water-DMF mixture. A small percentage of menthone remained relatively unaffected in water-DMF even in the presence of BCD and its derivatives. Although no unreacted pulegone could be detected, exclusive alcohol formation was also not observed. Reduction of the double bond was found to be faster than that of the ketone.     

Determination of hydralazine and metabolites in urine by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

The cyclic voltammetric behavior of hydralazine and its primary metabolites, the pyruvate and acetone hydrazones, was examined in the positive potential range at both conventional and electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrodes. The enhanced oxidations observed at the treated surface were used as the basis of amperometric electrochemical detection of the compounds following reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The detection limits so obtained at +0.75 V vs. Ag/AgCl (1, 3, and 5 ng injected, respectively) were comparable to those previously reported for absorption and fluorescence detection approaches employing derivatization/preconcentration procedures. For liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, however, direct quantitation of all three species in urine samples was readily accomplished without any chemical derivatization or sample treatment operations other than particulate filtration.