Complementary and Comparative Study on Hypoglycemic and Antihyperglycemic Activity of Various Extracts of Eugenia jambolana Seed, Momordica charantia Fruits, Gymnema sylvestre, and Trigonella foenum graecum Seeds in Rats

In present study, we investigated hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic potential of five extracts (water, ethanol, methanol, hexane, and chloroform) of four plants (i.e., seeds of Eugenia jambolana, fruits of Momordica charantia, leaves of Gymnema sylvestre, and seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum) alone and/or in combination with glimepiride in rats. Ethanol extract of E. jambolana, water extract of M. charantia, ethanol extract of G. sylvestre, and water extract of T. graecum exhibited highest hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity (most active) in rats among all the extracts, while hexane extracts exhibited least activities. Most active extracts were further studied to dose-dependent (200, 100, and 50 mg/kg body weight (bw)) hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects alone and in combination with glimepiride (20, 10, and 5 mg/kg bw). The combination of most active extracts (200 mg/kg bw) and lower dose of glimepiride (5 mg/kg bw) showed safer and potent hypoglycemic as well as antihyperglycemic activities without creating severe hypoglycemia in normal rats, while higher doses (200 mg/kg bw of most active extracts, and 10 and 20 mg/kg bw of glimepiride) were generated lethal hypoglycemia in normal rats. From this study, it may be concluded that the ethanol extract of E. jambolana seeds, water extract of M. charantia fruits, ethanol extract of G. sylvestre leaves, and water extract of T. graecum seeds have higher hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic potential and may use as complementary medicine to treat the diabetic population by significantly reducing dose of standard drugs.     

Study of sulfated derivatives of polyhydroxy compounds as inhibitors of blood coagulation

Persulfated derivatives of natural polyhydroxy compounds, such as lignans secoisolariciresinol, and isolariciresinol, flavonoid dihydroquercetin, and myo-inositol, have been synthesized. The ability of these compounds to inhibit the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation (APTT-test) and to reduce the activity of coagulation factor Xa in the presence of antithrombin(III) has been studied.     

Parametrizing the lepton mixing matrix in terms of charged lepton corrections

We consider a parametrization of the lepton mixing matrix in which the deviations from maximal atmospheric mixing and vanishing reactor mixing are obtained in terms of small corrections from the charged lepton sector. Relatively large deviations for the reactor mixing angle from zero as indicated by T2K experiment can be obtained in this parametrization. We are able to further reduce the number of complex phases, thus, simplifying the analysis. In addition, we have obtained the sides of unitarity triangles and the vacuum oscillation probabilities in this parametrization. The Jarlskog rephasing invariant measure of CP violation at the leading order has a single phase difference which can be identified as Dirac-type CP violating phase in this parametrization.     

Localized coherent structures of (2+1) dimensional generalizations of soliton systems

We briefly review the recent progress in obtaining (2+1) dimensional integrable generalizations of soliton equations in (1+1) dimensions. Then, we develop an algorithmic procedure to obtain interesting classes of solutions to these systems. In particular using a Painlevé singularity structure analysis approach, we investigate their integrability properties and obtain their appropriate Hirota bilinearized forms. We identify line solitons and from which we introduce the concept of ghost solitons, which are patently boundary effects characteristic of these (2+1) dimensional integrable systems. Generalizing these solutions, we obtain exponentially localized solutions, namely the dromions which are driven by the boundaries. We also point out the interesting possibility that while the physical field itself may not be localized, either the potential or composite fields may get localized. Finally, the possibility of generating an even wider class of localized solutions is hinted by using curved solitons.     

Comparing stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions measured by compression, suppression, and spectral smoothing

Stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAEs) have been measured in several different ways, including (1) nonlinear compression, (2) two-tone suppression, and (3) spectral smoothing. Each of the three methods exploits a different cochlear phenomenon or signal-processing technique to extract the emission. The compression method makes use of the compressive growth of emission amplitude relative to the linear growth of the stimulus. The emission is defined as the complex difference between ear-canal pressure measured at one intensity and the rescaled pressure measured at a higher intensity for which the emission is presumed negligible. The suppression method defines the SFOAE as the complex difference between the ear-canal pressure measured with and without a suppressor tone at a nearby frequency. The suppressor tone is presumed to substantially reduce or eliminate the emission. The spectral smoothing method involves convolving the complex ear-canal pressure spectrum with a smoothing function. The analysis exploits the differing latencies of stimulus and emission and is equivalent to windowing in the corresponding latency domain. Although the three methods are generally assumed to yield identical emissions, no equivalence has ever been established. This paper compares human SFOAEs measured with the three methods using procedures that control for temporal drifts, contamination of the calibration by evoked emissions, and other potential confounds. At low stimulus intensities, SFOAEs measured using all three methods are nearly identical. At higher intensities, limitations of the procedures contribute to small differences, although the general spectral shape and phase of the three SFOAEs remain similar. The near equivalence of SFOAEs measured by compression, suppression, and spectral smoothing indicates that SFOAE characteristics are not mere artifacts of measurement methodology.     

Solution-based direct readout surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) detection of ultra-low levels of thiram with dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles

We report the use of two different sizes of dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles as colloidal substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based detection of ultra-low levels of thiram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide. We demonstrate the ability to use a solution based, direct readout SERS method as a quantitative tool for the detection of ultra-low levels of thiram. The two different sizes of dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles are synthesized by using the seed-mediated growth method and characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The smaller dogbone shaped nanoparticles have an average size of 43 ± 13 nm. The larger dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles have an average size of 65 ± 15 nm. The nanoparticle concentration is 1.25 × 10(11) nanoparticles per mL for the smaller dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles and is 1.13 × 10(11) nanoparticles per mL for the larger dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles. Different concentrations of thiram are allowed to bind to the two different sizes of dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles and the SERS spectra are obtained. From the calibration curve, the limit of detection for thiram is 43.9 ± 6.2 nM when the smaller dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles are used as colloidal SERS substrates In the case of the larger dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles, the limit of detection for thiram is 11.8 ± 3.2 nM. The lower limit of detection obtained by using the larger dogbone shaped gold nanoparticles as colloidal substrates is due to the lightning rod effect, higher contributions from the electromagnetic enhancement effect, and larger number of surface sites for thiram to bind.     

Synthesis,characterization, and evaluation of antimicrobial activities of a new class of macrocyclic phosphonates

A series of a new class of phosphorus analogue macrocycles was accomplished by condensation of N‐substituted‐[bis(3,5‐dimethyl‐2‐hydroxybenzyl)]‐amines with various phosphorus dichlorides in dry toluene in the presence of triethylamine at 0–50°C. All the title compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity to determine their efficacy and were effective in suppressing the growth of bacteria and fungi. The chemical structures of the title products were characterized by IR, ¹H, ¹³C, ³¹P‐NMR, mass spectral studies, and elemental analysis. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).     

Parameśvara's rule for the circumradius of a cyclic quadrilateral

The expression for the circumradius of a cyclic quadrilateral in terms of its sides, usually attributed to L'Huilier in 1782, was known in India to Parame?vara (circa 1430). The present paper contains the original Sanskrit text of the rule, its English translation, and a discussion of its derivation as given by Sankara Váriar in his Kriy$\text{a}$kramakar$\text{i}$ (16th Century) along with relevant historical remarks.