Fixed charge problems with identical fixed charges

The general problem considered by this paper is a special case of the fixed-charge problem. The further condition imposed is that all variables have the same associated fixed-charge. The problem is discussed in the context of a known commercial application, that being the cutting stock problem. The situation considered is that of cutting given numbers of small rectangles from large rectangular stock-plates. In many such situations major aims are to have low stock-plate usage and a low number of setups of the cutting equipment. These represent conflicting objectives capable of being combined by the use of fixed charges upon the setups but this paper presents an alternative approach incorporating direct manipulation of the number of setups involved in the solution. This approach is compared to a solution technique for the general fixed-charge problem.     

Focal-plane and aperture-plane heterodyne array receivers for millimeter-wave radioastronomy—A comparison

In this paper we consider the maximization of the throughput of a single large antenna, for two possible array configurations: focal plane imaging arrays and aperture plane phased arrays. We discuss trade-offs between the two types of array in terms of field of view, sampling efficiency and time to map, a source. We also discuss limits on the number of feed elements in an imaging array imposed by the deterioration in aperture efficiency off-axis.     

Towards the electrochemical manufacture of superconductor precursor films in the presence of an ultrasonic field

Films of TI-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu superconductor precursor material have been synthesised. The films were electrodeposited onto polished Ag substrates, with and without the presence of an ultrasonic field in the solution, by applying a pulsed potential sufficiently large to cause reduction of the appropriate metallic cations. The deposition solution was composed of dehydrated metallic nitrate salts dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide. The morphology, and the compositions, of the films were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and emission dispersive spectroscopy respectively. Deposition in the presence of the ultrasonic field showed an increased deposition current, by a factor of 4, caused by mass transfer enhancements as a result of cavitation effects produced by the ultrasonic irradiation of the solution. These films were denser compared with those deposited without the presence of the ultrasound, displaying a void percentage of around 45%, and also displayed greater morphological homogeneity.     

Angular resolved photoemission from palladium single crystals

Photoelectron spectra emitted normal to Pd(001), (011) and (111) faces are presented for He I (21.2 eV) and for Ne I (16.8 eV) radiation. The spectra are different from each other, and in each case the Ne I spectra show a distinct narrowing compared to the He I spectra. Most of the features in all these spectra can be accounted for in terms of initial states only, if different cross-sections are assumed for bands derived from particular d orbitals. This analysis is consistent only for d orbitals related to surface rather than bulk co-ordinates. Spectral features which do not fit this analysis are found to be very sensitive to surface adsorption. An example of the variation in emission away from the surface normal is given.