Influence of charge state and sodium cationization on the electron detachment dissociation and infrared multiphoton dissociation of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides

Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) Fourier transform mass spectrometry has recently been shown to be a useful method for tandem mass spectrometry analysis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). EDD produces abundant glycosidic and cross-ring fragmentations that are useful for localizing sites of sulfation in GAG oligosaccharides. Although EDD fragmentation can be used to characterize GAGs in a single tandem mass spectrometry experiment, SO3 loss accompanies many peaks and complicates the resulting mass spectra. In this work we demonstrate the ability to significantly decrease SO3 loss by selection of the proper ionized state of GAG precursor ions. When the degree of ionization is greater than the number of sulfate groups in an oligosaccharide, a significant reduction in SO3 loss is observed in the EDD mass spectra. These data suggested that SO3 loss is reduced when an electron is detached from carboxylate groups instead of sulfate. Electron detachment occurs preferentially from carboxylate versus sulfate for thermodynamic reasons, provided that carboxylate is in its ionized state. Ionization of the carboxylate group is achieved by selecting the appropriate precursor ion charge state, or by the replacement of protons with sodium cations. Increasing the ionization state by sodium cation addition decreases, but does not eliminate, SO3 loss from infrared multiphoton dissociation of the same GAG precursor ions.     

Regioselective Synthesis of L-Idopyranuronic Acid Derivatives: Intermolecular Aglycon Transfer of Dithioacetal Under Standard Glycosylation Conditions

Abstract

C-1-thioacetalization of L-idofuranurono-6,3-lactone followed by regioselective p-methoxybenzylidenation at C-2 and C-4 gave the hydroxylactones 4 and 19, which were protected at C-5 with TBDMS. Lactone ring opening with methylamine followed by regioselective reductive cleavage of the 1,3-dioxane furnished acceptors 9 and 24. Intermolecular ethyl and phenyl thio group transfers were observed during the attempted preparation of disaccharide 35 through coupling reactions of either 9 or 24 with trichloroacetimidate donor 33, leading to the formation of thioglycoside of donor 33 and the thioglycoside of acceptors 9 or 24 in the furanose form. This intermolecular aglycon transfer was investigated under various glycosylation conditions. Finally, the free 4-hydroxyl groups in acceptors 9 and 24 were acetylated. Desilylation at C-5 followed by ring closure with mercuric salts afforded, in both cases, the IdopA donor and/or acceptor precursor 16.     

Synthesis of the Bis-Tetrahydropyrano[2,3-b:2′,3′-e] Piperazine Ring System: A New Tricyclic Heterocycle from D-Glucosamine

ABSTRACT

2-Amino-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose was transformed into its bis(tetrahydropyranyl)piperazine dimer (4) by reaction with 1,1′-thionyldiimidazole or 1,1′-sulfonyldiimidazole. This dimeric form of glucosamine is the first representative of this previously unknown heterocyclic ring system.     

Synthesis of Floridoside

Floridoside (2-O-glycerol-α-D-galactopyranoside) is a natural glycerol glycoside found in red algae and is believed to play important roles in carbon storage, transport, and assimilation and in the regulation of osmotic balance. We describe here a rapid, high-yield, and high-stereoselectivity synthesis of floridoside in which the key step involves the 1,2-cis O-glycosylation of 1,3-dibenzylglycerol with ethyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside using iodonium dicollidine perchlorate (IDCP) or N-iodosuccinimide/trimethylsilyl triflate (NIS/TMSOTf) as promoters.     

Capillary electrophoretic separation of heparin oligosaccharides under conditions amenable to mass spectrometric detection

A capillary electrophoresis method for the separation of high-molecular-mass heparin oligosaccharides compatible with mass spectral detection was developed. Structurally defined heparin oligosaccharides ranging in size from tetrasaccharide to tetradecasaccharide were used to optimize the conditions. Applying normal and reversed polarity modes, these oligosaccharides were separated by CE under various conditions. Ammonium hydrogencarbonate (30 mM at pH 8.50) used as the running electrolyte system gave good separation efficiency and resolution in the normal polarity mode. Application of this method to the separation of complicated heparin oligosaccharide mixtures required the addition of electrolyte additives. Ammonium hydrogencarbonate (30 mM), containing triethylamine (10 mM), was useful for the separation of complex oligosaccharide mixtures. Run-to-run and day-to-day precision and limits of detection were established for these separations.     

Electron-induced dissociation of glycosaminoglycan tetrasaccharides

Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) Fourier transform mass spectrometry has recently been shown to be a powerful tool for examining the structural features of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The characteristics of GAG fragmentation by EDD include abundant cross-ring fragmentation primarily on hexuronic acid residues, cleavage of all glycosidic bonds, and the formation of even- and odd-electron product ions. GAG dissociation by EDD has been proposed to occur through the formation of an excited species that can undergo direct decomposition or ejects an electron and then undergoes dissociation. In this work, we perform electron-induced dissociation (EID) on singly charged GAGs to identify products that form via direct decomposition by eliminating the pathway of electron detachment. EID of GAG tetrasaccharides produces cleavage of all glycosidic bonds and abundant cross-ring fragmentation primarily on hexuronic acid residues, producing fragmentation similar to EDD of the same molecules, but distinctly different from the products of infrared multiphoton dissociation or collisionally activated decomposition. These results suggest that observed abundant fragmentation of hexuronic acid residues occurs as a result of their increased lability when they undergo electronic excitation. EID fragmentation of GAG tetrasaccharides results in both even- and odd-electron products. EID of heparan sulfate tetrasaccharide epimers produces identical fragmentation, in contrast to EDD, in which the epimers can be distinguished by their fragment ions. These data suggest that for EDD, electron detachment plays a significant role in distinguishing glucuronic acid from iduronic acid.     

Total synthesis of quercetin 3-sophorotrioside

5,7-dihydroxy-3-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (quercetin 3-sophorotrioside), a flavonol triglycoside, isolated from Pisum sativum shoots and showing protective effects on liver injury induced by chemicals, was synthesized for the first time. The target compound was successfully synthesized in eight linear steps and in 39% overall yield through a combination of phase-transfer-catalyzed (PTC) quercetin C-3 glycosylation and silver triflate (AgOTf) promoted carbohydrate chain elongation using both sugar bromide and trichloroacetimidate donors.     

Sulfo-protected hexosamine monosaccharides: potentially versatile building blocks for glycosaminoglycan synthesis

2,2,2-Trifluorodiazoethane was investigated as a reagent for sulfo group protection on hexosamine monosaccharides. The synthesis of glucosamine and galactosamine building blocks fully differentiated for glycosaminoglycan synthesis and the synthesis of glycosyl donors are described. The compatibility of trifluoroethylsulfonate under a variety of reaction conditions has also been investigated. [structure: see text]     

Synthesis of a serine-based neuraminic acid C-glycoside

Cell-surface carbohydrates are classified by the nature of their linkages to the protein as either N-linked or O-linked. O- and N-glycans are involved in a number of important biological functions. These activities can be lost on glycoprotein catabolism when these glycan linkages are enzymatically hydrolyzed. The design and synthesis of novel C-linked glycans should provide catabolically stable glycoproteins useful for understanding and regulating important biological processes. Our efforts are currently directed toward the synthesis of C-glycosides of ulosonic acids. This paper describes the first synthesis of a serine-based neuraminic acid C-glycoside. The protecting group chemistry required for both carbohydrate and peptide syntheses complicates this approach. Different protecting group strategies were investigated for use in the samarium diiodide mediated C-glycosylation reaction. The key elements of our synthetic approach involve the following: (i) the substitution of homoserine for serine in the C-glycosylation reaction to introduce a carbon in place of the O-glycosidic oxygen, (ii) the use of benzyloxycarbonyl as a homoserine protecting group, compatible with samarium diiodide mediated C-glycosylation reaction, and (iii) the reduction of the carbonyl group in homoserine early in the synthesis to improve C-glycosylation yield and to avoid lactone formation. Using this combined approach, we prepared 4-O-acetyl-4-[2-C-(1-methyl 5-acetamido 4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-2,6-anhydro-3,5-dideoxy-d-erythro-l-manno-nononate)]-2S-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-1-carboxylic acid (1), which will be used in peptide synthesis to prepare glycopeptides containing catabolically stable C-linked neuraminic acid.     

Trifluoroethylsulfonate protected monosaccharides in glycosylation reactions

A variety of sulfo-protected monosaccharide donors and acceptors were investigated in glycosylation reactions. Trifluoroethylsulfonate (SO₃TFE) group was compatible with a wide range of activation conditions commonly used with fluoride, imidate, and sulfide donors. In addition, the influence of a SO₃TFE group, at the critical 2-position in glycosyl donor, on the stereoselectivity of the glycosylation reaction was studied.