Main group multiple C-H/N-H bond activation of a diamine and isolation of a molecular dilithium zincate hydride: experimental and DFT evidence for alkali metal-zinc synergistic effects

The surprising transformation of the saturated diamine (iPr)NHCH(2)CH(2)NH(iPr) to the unsaturated diazaethene [(iPr)NCH═CHN(iPr)](2-) via the synergic mixture nBuM, (tBu)(2)Zn and TMEDA (where M = Li, Na; TMEDA = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) has been investigated by multinuclear NMR spectroscopic studies and DFT calculations. Several pertinent intermediary and related compounds (TMEDA)Li[(iPr)NCH(2)CH(2)NH(iPr)]Zn(tBu)(2) (3), (TMEDA)Li[(iPr)NCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)N(iPr)]Zn(tBu) (5), {(THF)Li[(iPr)NCH(2)CH(2)N(iPr)]Zn(tBu)}(2) (6), and {(TMEDA)Na[(iPr)NCH(2)CH(2)N(iPr)]Zn(tBu)}(2) (11), characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, are discussed in relation to their role in the formation of (TMEDA)M[(iPr)NCH═CHN(iPr)]Zn(tBu) (M = Li, 1; Na, 10). In addition, the dilithio zincate molecular hydride [(TMEDA)Li](2)[(iPr)NCH(2)CH(2)N(iPr)]Zn(tBu)H 7 has been synthesized from the reaction of (TMEDA)Li[(iPr)NCH(2)CH(2)NH(iPr)]Zn(tBu)(2)3 with nBuLi(TMEDA) and also characterized by both X-ray crystallographic and NMR spectroscopic studies. The retention of the Li-H bond of 7 in solution was confirmed by (7)Li-(1)H HSQC experiments. Also, the (7)Li NMR spectrum of 7 in C(6)D(6) solution allowed for the rare observation of a scalar (1)J(Li-H) coupling constant of 13.3 Hz. Possible mechanisms for the transformation from diamine to diazaethene, a process involving the formal breakage of four bonds, have been determined computationally using density functional theory. The dominant mechanism, starting from (TMEDA)Li[(iPr)NCH(2)CH(2)N(iPr)]Zn(tBu) (4), involves the formation of a hydride intermediate and leads directly to the observed diazaethene product. In addition the existence of 7 in equilibrium with 4 through the dynamic association and dissociation of a (TMEDA)LiH ligand, also provides a secondary mechanism for the formation of the diazaethene. The two reaction pathways (i.e., starting from 4 or 7) are quite distinct and provide excellent examples in which the two distinct metals in the system are able to interact synergically to catalyze this otherwise challenging transformation.     

Structurally Defined Potassium‐Mediated Zincation of Pyridine and 4‐R‐Substituted Pyridines (R=Et,iPr, tBu,Ph, and Me2N) by Using Dialkyl–TMP–Zincate Bases

Two potassium–dialkyl–TMP–zincate bases [(pmdeta)K(μ‐Et)(μ‐tmp)Zn(Et)] ( 1 ) (PMDETA=N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide), and [(pmdeta)K(μ‐nBu)(μ‐tmp)Zn(nBu)] ( 2 ), have been synthesized by a simple co‐complexation procedure. Treatment of 1 with a series of substituted 4‐R‐pyridines (R=Me₂N, H, Et, iPr, tBu, and Ph) gave 2‐zincated products of the general formula [{2‐Zn(Et)₂‐μ‐4‐R‐C₅H₃N}₂ ? 2{K(pmdeta)}] ( 3 – 8 , respectively) in isolated crystalline yields of 53, 16, 7, 23, 67, and 51 %, respectively; the treatment of 2 with 4‐tBu‐pyridine gave [{2‐Zn(nBu)₂‐μ‐4‐tBu‐C₅H₃N}₂ ? 2{K(pmdeta)}] ( 9 ) in an isolated crystalline yield of 58 %. Single‐crystal X‐ray crystallographic and NMR spectroscopic characterization of 3 – 9 revealed a novel structural motif consisting of a dianionic dihydroanthracene‐like tricyclic ring system with a central diazadicarbadizinca (ZnCN)₂ ring, face‐capped on either side by PMDETA‐wrapped K⁺ cations. All the new metalated pyridine complexes share this dimeric arrangement. As determined by NMR spectroscopic investigations of the reaction filtrates, those solutions producing 3 , 7 , 8 , and 9 appear to be essentially clean reactions, in contrast to those producing 4 , 5 , and 6 , which also contain laterally zincated coproducts. In all of these metalation reactions, the potassium–zincate base acts as an amido transfer agent with a subsequent ligand‐exchange mechanism (amido replacing alkyl) inhibited by the coordinative saturation, and thus, low Lewis acidity of the 4‐coordinate Zn centers in these dimeric molecules. Studies on analogous trialkyl–zincate reagents in the absence and presence of stoichiometric or substoichiometric amounts of TMP(H) established the importance of Zn? N bonds for efficient zincation.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定铅锭中11种杂质元素

研究了用酸分解试样后不需分离基体直接用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定铅锭中银、铜、铋、砷、锑、锡、锌、铁、镉、镍、铊11种杂质元素的方法。优化了样品前处理条件及仪器检测条件。方法的检出限为0.0012～0.0168μg/mL,回收率为89%～110%,RSD为2.3%～5.0%。方法简便快速,检出限低,精密度和准确度能满足铅锭中杂质元素的检测要求,具有较强的实用性和可操作性,可用于铅锭中杂质元素的测定。     

Differential non-destructive image current detection in a fourier transform quadrupole ion trap

Dual-detector differential non-destructive Fourier transform detection in a quadrupole ion trap is shown to improve signal intensity and reduce noise compared with spectra recorded using a single detector. A larger area detector in each end-cap electrode is machined to fit its hyperbolic shape and so minimize field imperfections on the z-axis. Argon, acetophenone and bromobenzene spectra were recorded to allow a comparison between single- and dual-detector (differential) modes of detection and to demonstrate the improvement achieved with differential detection. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relaxation techniques for strictly convex network problems

Gauss—Seidel type relaxation techniques are applied in the context of strictly convex pure networks with separable cost functions. The algorithm is an extension of the Bertsekas—Tseng approach for solving the linear network problem and its dual as a pair of monotropic programming problems. The method is extended to cover the class of generalized network problems. Alternative internal tactics for the dual problem are examined. Computational experiments —aimed at the improved efficiency of the algorithm — are presented. This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant No. DCR-8401098-A0l.