Plane explosion wave in soils

It is shown in the article that simple analytical expressions can be used to determine the velocity of the front of a plane shock wave and the parameters of the soil behind the front in the region from the boundary of the charge of explosive up to the moment of the emission of sound. The calculated data are compared with the results of field tests. The calculations are based on the use of a diagram of the compression of the soil constructed taking account of the results of the experiment.     

Measurement of translational temperature in low-density jets

A technique and method for measuring the velocity-distribution function of the atoms in rarefied gas flows are described. Some results obtained with flows of binary gas mixtures behind a sonic nozzle are presented. The temperature of the light component (helium) is determined from the half width of the distribution function. Incomplete restoration of the helium temperature occurs in the Mach disk. This effect is examined in relation to concentration. A qualitative explanation is proposed for the effect in question.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 30–34, January–February, 1973.     

Mach reflection of weak shock waves from a rigid wall

On the basis of experimental observations and theoretical analysis of flow structure in the neighborhood of the triple point, it is shown that one should reject the condition for equality of the angle of deflection of flows passing through the Mach front and the two other fronts and replace it with some supplementary condition. The system of consistency equations in the indicated region is closed by an equation which is obtained under the assumption of the extremality of the deflection angle of a flow passing through the incident and reflected fronts. Calculations of the pressure drops behind the shock fronts agree with experimental data in this case.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 5, pp. 26–33, September–October, 1973.The authors thank S. A. Khristianovich for consideration of the work and advice.     

Passage of shock waves through a curved boundary separating two media

We consider the interaction of shock waves with a mildly curved surface of separation, and also the motion of this surface due to the passage of shock waves.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 111–121, January–February, 1972.     

Inverted population of Co2 molecules in expanding gas streams

The system of equations of hydrodynamics, which describes the process of escape of the mixtures CO₂ + N₂ + He, H₂O from a nozzle, is solved numerically in conjunction with the equations of the kinetics of the excitation of the vibrational degrees of freedom of the molecules. It is found that an inverted population of the CO₂ molecules with respect to the transition [00 °1] – [10 °0], is produced under certain conditions at the exit from the nozzle. The magnitude of the inversion depends both on the nozzle configuration and on the initial values of the gas temperature and pressure. It is shown that for a specified nozzle configuration there exist optimal values of these parameters, at which the inverted population of the CO₂ molecules reaches approximately 10¹⁵ cm^–3.Translated from Zhumal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 5, pp. 24–34, September–October, 1971.     

Single specimen determination of Young's and bulk moduli of polymers

Summary A new method is presented for the rapid and consecutive determination of theYoung's and bulk moduli of polymeric solids in compression loading. Usually these properties are determined by separate measurements. However, by using an undersized specimen in a standard bulk compressibility tester, it is possible to determine both moduli on the same specimen in a single test procedure. Initial loading of the undersized specimen results in a decrease in length and an increase in diameter. From these changes,Young's modulus may be calculated. Once the bore of the tester is filled, the application of additional pressure results in a decrease in the volume of the polymer from which the bulk modulus may be calculated. Both determinations may be made within minutes. The moduli values are in general agreement with published values and the calculated values for Poisson's ratio fall into the expected range.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Methode vorgestellt für die schnelle und fortlaufende Bestimmung des Elastizitäts- und Kompressions-Modul us polymerer Festkörper bei einer Druckbelastung. Normalerweise werden diese Eigenschaften durch unterschiedliche Methoden bestimmt. Durch Benutzung einer unterdimensionierten Probe in einem Standard-Kompressionsprüfgerät ist es möglich, beide Moduln an der gleichen Probe in einem einzigen Versuch zu ermitteln. Die Anfangsbelastung einer unterdimensionierten Probe führt zu einer Längenabnahme und einer Zunahme des Durchmessers. Aus diesen Änderungen läßt sich der Elastizitätsmodul berechnen. Sobald die Bohrung des Gerätes gefüllt ist, führt die Erhöhung des Druckes zu einer Volumen-Abnahme des Polymers, aus dem sich der Kompressionsmodul berechnen läßt. Beide Bestimmungen können in wenigen Minuten durchgeführt werden. Die Modulwerte stimmen im allgemeinen mit veröffentlichten Werten überein, und die für dasPoisson-Verhältnis ermittelten Werte liegen in dem erwarteten Bereich.

     

Plane-parallel supersonic flow with a discontinuity

This article considers a plant-parallel supersonic flow, with a shock wave terminating within the flow; the shock wave is regarded as a distortion. A line of discontinuity is located ahead of the shock wave in the supersonic zone. The problem is solved by the method of indeterminate coefficients.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 95–100, July–August, 1970.The authors thank S. V. Fal'kovich for his valuable advice and for his evaluation of the results obtained.     

An application of the operational calculus to the equations of the Rayleigh Problem in MHD

Summary The operational calculus in the form developed by Van der Pol and Bremmer is applied to obtain some solutions for the equations of the Rayleigh Problem in MHD. The diffusivities in these solutions can have arbitrary values. A limiting case of the solutions is studied, and it is shown that the solutions have some advantages as compared to the integrals of Chang and Yen, and of Hide and Roberts. Finally an example of Ludford is used to verify that the integrals obtained here will make their appearance in the solution of some boundary value problems.MHD stands for magnetohydrodynamics.     

Effect of particles suspended in a fluid flow on the decay of isotropic turbulence

Dynamic equations have been obtained for the two-point double correlations of the fluctuation velocities of a fluid and the particles suspended in it at low volume concentrations of the solid phase. In the case of uniform isotropic turbulence these equations can be considerably simplified. The final period of decay of isotropic turbulence has been studied in detail. At this stage in the case of high-inertia particles the inhomogeneous-fluid turbulence is similar to the turbulence of a homogeneous fluid (without particles) in the sense that the presence of the particles affects only the fluctuation energy but leaves unchanged the spatial scales of turbulence and the spatial energy spectrum function. The suspended particles lead to exponential damping of the turbulent pulsations.Little theoretical information is available on the hydrodynamics of a suspension of fine particles in a turbulent liquid or gas. Research has been mainly confined to the behavior of the individual particles in a given turbulence field [1]. The problem of the turbulent motion of the mixture as a whole has been examined by Barenblatt [2], who derived the equations of motion of the mixture, using Kolmogorov's hypothesis to close them. Hinze [3] has also attempted to derive equations for turbulent pulsations of the mixture. However, as Murray showed [4], Hinze' s equations contradict Newton' s third law.The effect of suspended particles on the turbulence of a two-phase flow is governed by the noncorrespondence of the local velocities of the particles and the medium. The forces of resistance to the motion of the particles relative to the fluid lead to additional dissipation of fluctuation energy and decay of turbulence [2]. On the other hand, if the averaged velocities of particles and medium do not correspond, the suspended particles may also have a destabilizing effect [5, 6], causing energy transfer from the averaged to the pulsating motion. Below we shall consider the case where the averaged velocities of the two phases coincide, i.e., we shall deal only with the first of the two above-mentioned effects.The authors thank G.I. Barenblatt for his useful advice.     

Generation of beams of three-dimensional periodic internal waves by sources of various types

The energy and force characteristics of periodic internal wave beams in a viscous exponentially stratified fluid are analyzed. The exact solutions of linearized problems of generation obtained by integral transformations describe not only three-dimensional internal waves but also the associated boundary layers of two types. The solutions not containing empirical parameters are brought to a form that allows a direct comparison with experimental data for generators of various types (friction, piston, and combined) of rectangular or elliptic shape. The stress tensor and force components acting on the generator are given in quadratures. In the limiting cases, the solutions are uniformly transformed to the corresponding expressions for the problems in a two-dimensional formulation. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 12–23, May–June, 2006