Supersaturation-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Strategy for Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs

At present, the majority of APIs synthesized today remain challenging tasks for formulation development. Many technologies are being utilized or explored for enhancing solubility, such as chemical modification, novel drug delivery systems (microemulsions, nanoparticles, liposomes, etc.), salt formation, and many more. One promising avenue attaining attention presently is supersaturated drug delivery systems. When exposed to gastrointestinal fluids, drug concentration exceeds equilibrium solubility and a supersaturation state is maintained long enough to be absorbed, enhancing bioavailability. In this review, the latest developments in supersaturated drug delivery systems are addressed in depth.     

Recent Trends and Developments in Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics

Conventional anticancer treatments, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, have significantly improved cancer therapy. Nevertheless, the existing traditional anticancer treatments have been reported to cause serious side effects and resistance to cancer and even to severely affect the quality of life of cancer survivors, which indicates the utmost urgency to develop effective and safe anticancer treatments. As the primary focus of cancer nanotheranostics, nanomaterials with unique surface chemistry and shape have been investigated for integrating cancer diagnostics with treatment techniques, including guiding a prompt diagnosis, precise imaging, treatment with an effective dose, and real-time supervision of therapeutic efficacy. Several theranostic nanosystems have been explored for cancer diagnosis and treatment in the past decade. However, metal-based nanotheranostics continue to be the most common types of nonentities. Consequently, the present review covers the physical characteristics of effective metallic, functionalized, and hybrid nanotheranostic systems. The scope of coverage also includes the clinical advantages and limitations of cancer nanotheranostics. In light of these viewpoints, future research directions exploring the robustness and clinical viability of cancer nanotheranostics through various strategies to enhance the biocompatibility of theranostic nanoparticles are summarised.     

Type-2 fuzzy linear system of equations with application in static problem of structures

In this paper, a new method is proposed to solve type-2 fuzzy linear system of equations by converting the system into three interval linear systems and one crisp linear system of equations. In this work, three possible cases of type-2 fuzzy linear system is considered depending upon uncertainty (as type-2 fuzzy number) in right-hand side vector $\tilde{B}$, in co-efficient matrix $\tilde{A}$, and both in co-efficient matrix $\tilde{A}$ as well as right-hand side vector $\tilde{B}$. Triangular perfect quasi type-2 fuzzy numbers are taken to propose the new method. The main significance of the proposed method is that it uses the arithmetic of interval theory, which makes this method easier to handle. Five numerical examples are solved to show the validation of the proposed technique. Further, two application problems related to 6-bar truss and rectangular sheet are encountered in type-2 fuzzy environment. Comparison among the results obtained by the present method and previously achieved results is also made in this work, which shows that the results are close enough and, in some cases, better bounds for the solution are obtained.