A comparison of two approaches to the optimal positioning of a new product in an attribute space

This paper is concerned with the optimal positioning of a new product in an attribute space. A deterministic optimization model that relies on the axiom of choice is compared with the model byShocker/Srinivasan [1974] that incorporates a probabilistic measure of choice. Investigating the assumptions and the construction of both models, it is shown that the probability function byShocker/Srinivasan is based on a controversial assumption and incorporates a parameter that has not been given an economic explanation. Furthermore, both models are applied to complex configurations. It is demonstrated that the optimal positions for the new product resulting from the model byShocker/Srinivasan depend heavily on the parameter just mentioned and may run contrary to plausible consequences of the axiom of choice.

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Zusammenfassung Für die optimale Gestaltung neuer Produkte, d.h. ihrer Positionierung in einem Raum von Produkteigenschaften, wird ein Modell angeboten, das auf einer deterministischen Kaufentscheidung beruht, ein anderes, das eine stochastische Kaufentscheidung unterstellt. Es wird gezeigt, daß der zuletzt genannte Modelltyp stark von der Spezifikation eines ökonomisch bisher nicht erklärten Parameters abhängt und z.T. Konsequenzen aufweist, die dem Wahlaxiom zuwider laufen, auf das das erstgenannte Modell aufbaut. Durch einen Vergleich auch komplexer Konfigurationen von Käuferbeurteilungen neuer Produkte wird gezeigt, welche Gestaltungsentscheidungen auf der Grundlage der beiden Modelle zur Optimierung einer Zielfunktion zu treffen sind.

     

On the Fourier transformation on spaces of (p,q)-multipliers

LetG denote a locally compact abelian topological group. The aim of the present paper is to prove an “intermediate” result between two well-known results ofL. Hörmander andG. I. Gaudry concerning the structure of the spaces ?_G?μ?t ^p,q (G).     

V-positivity,poverses and the economic global unicity theorems of Gale and Nikaido

Summary Strong theorems concerning globally unique solutions to nonlinear inequalities have been obtained byGale andNikaido via P-matrix characterizations of theJacobians of the mappings involved. We introduce two new concepts here: v-positivity and the poverse. These permit us to state and prove significant generalizations of the theorems just mentioned and, equally important, provide access to preliminary results concerning linear inequalities by the powerful direct techniques of linear programming theory.

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Zusammenfassung Gale undNikaido haben starke Sätze über globale, eindeutige Lösungen nichtlinearer Ungleichungen erhalten für den Fall, daß dieJacobi- Matrix der auftretenden Abbildung eineP-Matrix ist. Darauf aufbauend werden zwei neue Konzepte vorgestellt: v-positivity und die poverse. Diese erlauben es, Verallgemeinerungen der erwähnten Sätze aufzustellen und zu beweisen und, was von gleicher Bedeutung ist, die Verbindung zu früheren Ergebnissen über lineare Ungleichungen durch die wirkungsvollen direkten Verfahren der Theorie der Linearen Optimierung herzustellen.

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This Research was partly supported by Project No. NR 047-021, ONR Contracts NO 0014-67-A-0126-0008 and NO 0014-67-A-0126-0009 with the Center for Cybernetic Studies, The University of Texas.     

Two questions in diophantine approximation

The first question is about a possible variation on Dirichlet's approximation theorem for linear forms x+y+z, wherex,y are restricted topositive integers. The second question, which turns out to be related to the first, is about approximation to elements in a power series fieldk((t ^–1)) by solutions of first order linear differential equationsx+y+z=0, wherex,y,z are polynomials int. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. E. Hlawka on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

GaAs光导开关飞秒激光点触发实验及分析

针对光导开关阵列和光纤分束耦合的实际应用环境,提出一种新的实验方案,用于测试当触发光源相对于开关光敏面为点光源时入射位置对输出脉冲的影响.实验证明,不同的入射位置对开关输出脉冲有很大的影响.在入射光从负极向正极扫描过程中输出脉冲逐渐增强,在正极附近输出达到峰值,但在电极边缘处有所减弱.分析表明,这一现象和开关体内电场的分布有密切联系.     

二维量子片及其光学研究进展

以石墨烯为代表的二维材料因其独特的结构和优异性能而受到广泛关注.随着二维材料在无限小的方向不断发展,二维(材料)量子片逐渐引起人们极大的兴趣.二维量子片不仅保留了二维材料的本征特性,而且表现出量子限域和突出的边缘效应,为二维材料的潜在应用带来全新机遇.本文详细介绍了二维量子片的基本概念,制备现状与光学性能的研究进展,特...     

Andrographolide Inhibits Biofilm and Virulence in Listeria monocytogenes as a Quorum-Sensing Inhibitor

Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen that can cause listeriosis in humans and animals. Andrographolide is known as a natural antibiotic and exhibits good antibacterial activity. We aimed to investigate the effect of andrographolide on two quorum-sensing (QS) systems, LuxS/AI-2 and Agr/AIP of L. monocytogenes, as well as QS-controlled phenotypes in this study. Our results showed that neither luxS expression nor AI-2 production was affected by andrographolide. Nevertheless, andrographolide significantly reduced the expression levels of the agr genes and the activity of the agr promoter P₂. Results from the crystal violet staining method, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) demonstrated that andrographolide remarkably inhibited the biofilm-forming ability of L. monocytogenes 10403S. The preformed biofilms were eradicated when exposed to andrographolide, and reduced surviving cells were also observed in treated biofilms. L. monocytogenes treated with andrographolide exhibited decreased ability to secrete LLO and adhere to and invade Caco-2 cells. Therefore, andrographolide is a potential QS inhibitor by targeting the Agr QS system to reduce biofilm formation and virulence of L. monocytogenes.     

振动噪声等高图的电驱动桥噪声预测及优化*

在项目开发前期通过优化电驱动桥扭矩特性的设计,可以规避噪声大问题。根据电驱动桥台架在对应扭矩下的振动噪声特性,提出了一套稳定高效的测试流程和分析方法。首先设计了一套完整的试验流程,制定了精准的数据分析方法。然后绘制出能够全面反映电驱动桥振动噪声特性的等高图。最后利用电驱动桥台架的振动噪声等高图,准确评估电驱动桥加速工况下振动噪声风险,为主机厂和电驱动桥零部件企业提供电驱动桥扭矩特性设计前期指导。利用该方法成功识别到某电驱动桥匀速及加速工况下电机及齿轮的啸叫问题。通过优化电驱动桥扭矩特性设计,电机48阶噪声峰值降低了8.5dB(A),确认该方法准确可靠,具备推广应用价值。     

A Comprehensive Review of Rosmarinic Acid: From Phytochemistry to Pharmacology and Its New Insight

Polyphenolic acids are the widely occurring natural products in almost each herbal plant, among which rosmarinic acid (RA, C₁₈H₁₆O₈) is well-known, and is present in over 160 species belonging to many families, especially the Lamiaceae. Aside from this herbal ingredient, dozens of its natural derivatives have also been isolated and characterized from many natural plants. In recent years, with the increasing focus on the natural products as alternative treatments, a large number of pharmacological studies have been carried out to demonstrate the various biological activities of RA such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-virus, anti-tumor, neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, etc. In addition, investigations concerning its biosynthesis, extraction, analysis, clinical applications, and pharmacokinetics have also been performed. Although many achievements have been made in various research aspects, there still exist some problems or issues to be answered, especially its toxicity and bioavailability. Thus, we hope that in the case of natural products, the present review can not only provide a comprehensive understanding on RA covering its miscellaneous research fields, but also highlight some of the present issues and future perspectives worth investigating later, in order to help us utilize this polyphenolic acid more efficiently, widely, and safely.     

Positions and Widths of Anticrossings for Potassium Rydberg Stark States

The B-spline expansion technique is applied to study the anticrossings for potassium Rydberg states in a static electric field. The results of our calculation indicate that the antierossings are caused mainly by the core interaction or by the fine structure interaction. Our results for the positions and the widths of the anticrossings are in good agreement with experimental data.