Neue Wege der Analytik durch Kombination der direkten quantitativen Dünnschicht-Chromatographie mit elektronischer Datenverarbeitung

A computer program for direct evaluation of thin-layer chromatograms, which already was described earlier [3] has been tested with a laboratory and some technical formulations of a pesticide. Results have been compared with those obtained by two conventional methods. Mean relative standard deviation calculated from results compiled by electronic data processing (method A) is about 6%, compared to 10% received by graphic method (method C) which is employed by most investigators. In addition, overall time of analysis is 34% higher if graphic method is used. Method A saves time and expense especially in routine analysis because working of the process is easier and may be performed even by assistent personal. The proposed method is suitable for the determination of different active ingredients and impurities even in difficult technical products.     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行：第五讲 金属材料中钨的测定（续）

此外,尚有二硫酚、邻羟基酚类试剂、酸性三苯甲烷类试剂、偶氮类试剂以及荧光酮类试剂等也都有应用于钨的光度测定的实例。但由于共存元素的干扰以及方法的成熟程度等问题尚未完全得到解决,在金属材料分析中的应用尚不普遍。其中,苯基荧光酮类试剂对钢铁中低含量钨的测定有一定的应用前景,举两例说明:例1:邻氯苯基荧光酮(o-Cl-PF)-CTMAB光度法测定钢及合金中低含量钨[w(W)0.01%~0·50%]。称取试样0.100 0~0.200 0 g,溶于硫酸-磷酸混合酸(H2SO4+H3PO4+H2O=3+10+12)10 mL中,滴加浓硝酸约1 mL氧化,蒸发至冒白烟,冷却,加水溶解盐类后冷…     

Radiation Effects on Concentrated Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(III) Solutions

The neutron irradiated potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solutions were analyzed for Fe(CN)₆^4?, Fe(CN)₆^3?, and Prussian blue. The retention values (1.1%) were constant throughout the pH and concentration ranges studied, and did not change with the length of irradiation. The complex behavior of the radiochemical yield of the Fe(CN)₆^4? and Prussian blue was attributed to the competition of the various reactions involved in the irradiation.     

Zur Kenntnis von Natrium-hexafluoromanganat(III)

Sodium hexafluoromanganate(III) has been synthesized by heating equimolecular quantities of Na₂MnF₅ and NaF in argon atmosphere. The compound is monoclinic witha=5.56 (1) Å,b=5.84 (1) Å,c=8.10 (2) Å, =90.7 (2) andZ=2. It is a high spin complex with _eff and the deformation of the octahedra is evident from its IR-spectra. Two enantiotropic transitions (at 562 and 653°C) and the melting point at 800°C have been observed.

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8. Mitt.: Mh. Chem.106, 483 (1975).     

Discussion on the method for the measurement of the flexural modulus of coupled materials and reasons of the shifts of theQ −1 maxima caused by coupling

Summary When measuringQ ^–1 and the flexural resonance frequency of bars clamped at one end, constituted by a viscoelastic polymeric material glued to a rigid support of modulusE ₁, it is possible to calculate the componentsE ₂ andE ₂ of the complex elastic modulus of the polymeric material examined. In this work the minimum (critical) value of the ratioa=E ₂ /E ₁=a _c and the values of the ratioQ ₂ ^–1/Q ^–1=F ₁ are evaluated beyond which no exact calculation ofE ₂ and ofQ ₂ ^–1 is possible.Within the confidence limits of the linear viscoelasticity theory, these values depend on the accuracy of measurement of both frequency and resonance curve, as well as on the instrument employed, on the operating temperature and on the ratio between the thicknesses of the two coupled materials.In order to keep outside the critical conditions, the most convenient method involves the use of measurements of coupled test-pieces having different ratiosz between their thicknesses and of supports having different modulusE ₁, depending on the field of temperature of the analysis ofE ₂ and tg ₂ concerning and E.P.R. elastomer and a vulcanized cis-1,4 polyisoprene in very wide ranges of temperature comprising the glass transition. Moreover, it is demonstrated by analysis the shift on the temperature axis of the tg maximum of the composite test-piece with respect to the position of the tg maximum of the polymeric material alone.With 11 figures and 1 table     

The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements

The chemical elements up toZ = 172 are calculated with a relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater program taking into account the effect of the extended nucleus. Predictions of the binding energies, the X-ray spectra and the number of electrons inside the nuclei are given for the inner electron shells. The predicted chemical behaviour will be discussed for all elements betweenZ = 104-120 and compared with previous known extrapolations. For the elementsZ = 121–172 predictions of their chemistry and a proposal for the continuation of the Periodic Table are given. The eighth chemical period ends withZ = 164 located below Mercury. The ninth period starts with an alkaline and alkaline earth metal and ends immediately similarly to the second and third period with a noble gas atZ = 172.

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Zusammenfassung Mit einem relativistischen Hartree-Fock-Slater Rechenprogramm werden die chemischen Elemente bis zur Ordnungszahl 172 berechnet, wobei der Einfluß des ausgedehnten Kernes berücksichtigt wurde. Für die innersten Elektronenschalen werden Voraussagen über deren Bindungsenergie, das Röntgenspektrum und die Zahl der Elektronen im Kern gemacht. Die voraussichtliche Chemie der Elemente zwischenZ = 104 und 120 wird diskutiert und mit bereits vorhandenen Extrapolationen verglichen. Für die ElementeZ =121–172 wird eine Voraussage über das chemische Verhalten gegeben, sowie ein Vorschlag für die Fortsetzung des Periodensystems gemacht. Die achte chemische Periode endet mit dem Element 164 im Periodensystem unter Quecksilber gelegen. Die neunte Periode beginnt mit einem Alkali- und Erdalkalimetall und endet sofort wieder wie in der zweiten und dritten Periode mit einem Edelgas beiZ = 172.

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Resumé Les éléments chimiques jusqu'áZ = 172 sont calculés à l'aide d'un programme Hartree-Fock-Slater relativiste en tenant compte de l'extension du noyau. On fournit des prédictions quant aux énergies de liaison, aux spectres X et au nombre d'électrons dans les noyaux pour les couches électroniques internes. Le comportement chimique prévu est discuté pour tous les éléments entreZ = 104–120 et comparé aux extrapolations connues auparavant. Pour les éléments Z =121–172 on effectue des prévisions de propriétés chimiques et l'on propose un prolongement du Tableau Périodique. La huitième période chimique se termine àZ = 164 sous le mercure. La neuviéme période débute avec un métal alcalin et alcalino-terreux et se termine comme la seconde et la troisième période avec un gaz rare àZ = 172.

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This work has been supported by the Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Bildung and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Pulsed photothermal phase-shift spectroscopy for weak absorption measurement

A novel photothermal phase-shift spectroscopy configuration based on the retro-reflected beam interference has been developed and its operational principle is described. The weak absorption measurement ability of this technique is experimentally proven with a water/ethanol solution of standard Pyronine G dye and the limit of detection is found to be 1.8 x 10(-6) absorbance. Potential applications of the technique are discussed.     

Wirkungsgrade in der Welt des Lebens und der Technik

Zusammenfassung Um der oft gehörten Meinung entgegenzutreten, die energetischen Wirkungsgrade lebender Organismen seien wesentlich höher als die technischer Verfahren, werden entsprechende Werte miteinander verglichen. Der sehr niedrige Wirkungsgrad der Photosynthese zusammen mit der kleinen Energiedichte der Sonnenstrahlung erzwang ab einer kritischen Größe die Aufspaltung in Energiesammler, die Pflanzen, und Verbraucher chemischer Energie, den Tieren. Dank den 10 mal höheren Wirkungsgraden in der Technik, lassen sich Solarmobile bauen, die von der auf sie fallenden Sonnenstrahlung angetrieben werden. Wegen des Multiplikationsgesetzes der Teilwirkungsgrade ergeben sich sowohl für die Speicherung der Sonnenenergie in den fossilen Brennstoffen wie in der Nahrungskette extrem niedrige Wirkungsgrade.

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Efficiencies in the world of life and in engineering

One often hears the opinion, that the efficiencies in the world of life are higher than in engineering. To disprove this, many values of efficiency of corresponding processes are compared. The very low efficiency of photosynthesis in living plants together with the low density of solar radiation has led the world of life to split into collectors of energy, the plants, and consumers of chemical energy, the animals. Thanks to the ten times higher efficiencies of solar cells, it is possible, to produce solar mobiles, vehicles that move driven by solar radiation.

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Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Grigull zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet