Heuristische Verfahren zur Tourenplanung bei der Hausmüllentsorgung in ländlichen Regionen

Zusammenfassung Tourenprobleme bei der Hausmüllsammlung lassen sich in die Reihe der Lieferplanprobleme einordnen. Zur Lösung praktischer Größenordnungen werden hier einfache heuristische Verfahren (Prioritätsregeln) vorgestellt, weniger um der Vielzahl heuristischer Verfahren weitere hinzuzufügen als vielmehr dem Praktiker einen vielversprechenden Weg beim Lösen seiner Probleme aufzuzeigen.

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Summary The discussed solid waste collection problem shows the properties of the so called truck dispatching problem. To solve problems for typical problem structure heuristic rules are pointed out in order to show the planner an efficient way of problem solving.

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Zusammenfassung dreier Vorträge im 4. planungstechnischen Seminar Tourenplanung bei der Abfallbeseitigung am Institut für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft der Universität Karlsruhe am 1.10.1976.     

Kriterien in der Theorie der Gleichverteilung

It is the aim of this paper to introduce two new notions of discrepancy. They are defined by the formulas $$\begin{gathered} \Delta _N^r \left( {\omega ;f} \right) = \mathop {\sup }\limits_{\left| z \right| = r} \left| {\left( {{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 N}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} N}} \right)\sum\limits_{n = 1}^N {f\left( {z e^2 \pi i\omega \left( n \right)} \right)} - f\left( 0 \right)} \right|, and \hfill \\ \delta _N^r \left( {\omega ;f} \right) = \mathop {\sup }\limits_{\left| z \right| = r} \left| {\left( {{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 N}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} N}} \right)\sum\limits_{n = 1}^N {f\left( {z \omega \left( n \right)} \right)} \cdot z - \int\limits_0^z {f\left( \zeta \right)d\zeta } } \right|, \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ wheref is a holomorphic function defined in the unit disc withf ^(k) (0)≠0 for allk∈?,r<1 is a positive number, and ω is a sequence in [0, 1]. The first of these discrepancies can be generalized for multidimensional sequences. ω is uniform distributed if and only if lim _N→∞ Δ _N ^r (ω;f)=0 resp. lim _N→∞δ _N ^r (ω;f)=0. These results are proved in a quantitative way by estimating the classical discrepancyD _N (ω) by means ofΔ _N ^r (ω;f) and δ _N ^r (ω;f): $$\begin{gathered} \Delta _N^r \left( {\omega ;f} \right) \ll D_N \left( \omega \right) \ll \Phi \left( {\Delta _N^r \left( {\omega ;f} \right)} \right), \hfill \\ \delta _N^r \left( {\omega ;f} \right) \ll D_N \left( \omega \right) \ll \Psi \left( {\delta _N^r \left( {\omega ;f} \right)} \right). \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The functions Φ and Ψ only depend onf andr. These estimations are based on the inequalities ofKoksma-Hlawka andErdös-Turán.     

The relation between the molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity of polymethyl acrylate

Summary A series of unfractionated and fractionated samples of polymethyl acrylate of different low molecular weights have been prepared by homogeneous solution. polymerization in dimethyl formamide in presence of , '-azo-(-cyano-n-valeric acid) as initiator under a variety of conditions. The number-average molecular weights have been determined by end-group titrations and vapour pressure osmometry. The following []-M relationships for polymethyl acrylate have been obtained.[] = 33.5 x 10^–5M^0.63 for unfractionated samples in benzene at 25 °C. [] = 3.89 x 10^–5M^0.843 for fractionated samples in benzene at 35 °C.With 2 tables     

Strukturviskosität von verdünnten Lösungen von Biopolymeren

The importance of the rheological behaviour of solutions of macromolecules is briefly evaluated. The viscosity of the solutions depends on concentration, shear rate and time of shear, this relation being determined by the structure of the dissolved molecules. In dilute solutions shear dependence of viscosity is very frequently caused by the preferential orientation of anisotropic molecules. In such a case the particle dimensions can be calculated from the true limiting viscosity number, an anisotropy factor, the rotational diffusion constant and the effective particle density. These numbers can be derived from the flow curve, which has been extrapolated to zero concentration. It is necessary to measure the flow curve at shear gradients, which are sufficiently low to allow for an extrapolation to vanishing shear rate. By comparing the experimental flow curve with a choice of theoretical ones, the rotational diffusion constant and the anisotropy factor (axial ratio) can be found. From the limiting viscosity number and the axial ratio, the particle density can be calculated.     

Synthesis of macrocycles incorporating azo‐bis(azofurazan) framework

A series of macrocycles containing four furazan rings bonded by three azo bonds 2, 5 and 7 have been synthesized from the common precursor, 3‐amino‐3′‐nitro(azofurazan) 3 . The macrocycles closure is a result of N?N bond formation at oxidative cyclization of corresponding bis(3‐aminofurazan‐4‐yl) precursors. X‐Ray crystal structures of macrocycles 2, 2 ?AcOH, 11 and 13 are reported.     

Komplexe von 2,6-Dimethylpyridin-1-oxid mit Lanthanidjodiden

Complexes of 2,6-dimethylpyridine 1-oxide with lanthanide iodides of the formulaeLn(2,6-LTNO)₅I₃ whereLn=La, Tb and Yb,Ln(2,6-LTNO)₄I₃ whereLn=Pr and Nd and Er(2,6-LTNO)_4.5I₃ have been prepared and characterised by chemical analysis, infrared and conductance studies. Infrared and conductance data have been interpreted in terms of dimeric (or polymeric) structures involving bridging amine oxide groups.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen     

Über die Synthese von 5-(o-Trifluormethylphenyl)-1H-thieno[3,4—e]-1,4-diazepin-2(3H)-onen

The synthesis of 5-(o-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-thieno-[3,4-e]1,4-diazepin-2(3H)-one (7) and its nitration and chlorination in pos. 8 are described.     

Berechnung von mittleren Schwingungsamplituden einiger tetraedrischer Moleküle und Ionen nach der Methode der charakteristischen Schwingungen

Mean amplitudes of vibration of a series of tetrahedralXY ₄ molecules and ions (hydrides, halides, oxides and oxoanions) have been calculated using the “Method of the Characteristic Vibrations” ofA. Müller. The results indicate that this method leads to very good values for most of the investigated species, and especially in the cases of highM _X/M_Y mass ratio.     

Untersuchung der Temperaturabhängigkeit der kernmagnetischen Spin-Gitter-Relaxation an Dimethylsiloxanen

Zusammenfassung Es wurden die longitudinalen Protonen-RelaxationszeitenT ₁ der beiden Systeme Hexamethyldisiloxan und Dekamethylcyclopentasiloxan im Temperaturbereich von 20 bis 300 K untersucht. Das Relaxationsverhalten des Hexamethyldisiloxans wird in diesem Temperaturbereich durch drei Bewegungsmechanismen bestimmt: die Methylgruppenrotation um die C₃-Achse, die Segmentrotation um die Si-O-Bindung und einen noch nicht näher identifizierten Bewegungsprozeß, der zu einer sprunghaften Änderung der Spin-Gitter-Relaxationszeit führt. Diese Bewegungsmechanismen werden mit Ausnahme der Segmentrotation auch beim Dekamethylcyclopentasiloxan gefunden. Es wird eine Gegenüberstellung der experimentellen Daten der beiden hier untersuchten Systeme und eines polymeren Dimethylsiloxans gegeben. Dabei ist als interessantes Ergebnis hervorzuheben, daß die Methylgruppenrotation im Hexamethyldisiloxan die stärkste Behinderung erfährt.

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Summary In this experiment the longitudinal proton relaxation timesT ₁ of hexamethyldisiloxane and decamethylcyclopen-tasiloxane were measured in the temperature range from about 20 K up to 300 K. Three motional mechanisms, the methyl group rotation about the C₃-axis, the segmental rotation about the Si-O-bond and a motional process, not yet identified, which leads to a discontinuity ofT ₁ have been found to be responsible for the spin-lattice relaxation of hexamethyldisiloxane in this temperature range. With the exception of segmental rotation these motional processes also determine the spin-lattice relaxation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane. A comparison of experimental data of the two systems actually investigated and a polymeric dimethylsiloxane is presented, showing the methyl group rotation being most strongly hindered in the case of hexamethyldisiloxane.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen und 1 Tabelle     

Die Hydrohalogenierung von Hexaphenyldigerman und die Schwingungsspektren einiger Ge2(C6H5) n X6−n -Verbindungen

The reactions of Ge₂(C₆H₅)₆ with HCl and HBr lead in nearly quantitative yields to the 1,1,2,2-tetrahalo derivatives Cl₂(C₆H₅)GeGe(C₆H₅)Cl₂ (I) and Br₂(C₆H₅)GeGe(C₆H₅)Br₂ (II), resp. The Si?Ge bond of (C₆H₅)₃SiGe(C₆H₅)₃ is cleaved under the conditions of hydrohalogenation. The vibrational spectra of Ge₂Br₆, Ge₂(C₆H₅)₆, I, and II are reported. The influence of vibrational coupling on ν GeGe in these compounds is discussed in detail, including vibrational calculations.