Studies of the thermal degradation of acetaminophen using a conventional HPLC approach and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry

The thermal degradation of acetaminophen is studied via conventional accelerated aging studies by initially thermally stressing the compound at temperatures between 160 degrees C and 190 degrees C and measuring the rate of decomposition by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Rates of decomposition of the compound in the dry state and the activation energy for the process are determined and compared with previously published kinetic and thermodynamic data for the degradation of acetaminophen in solution. In addition, the thermal fragmentation of acetaminophen under electrospray ionization (ESI) conditions using an interface with a heated capillary inlet is studied and the apparent activation energy for this process also is characterized. A comparison of the data shows that acetaminophen is significantly more stable in the dry state than in solution. However, the gas-phase fragmentation of acetaminophen under ESI conditions occurs more readily than either dry- or solution-state degradation. Although the resulting electrospray fragmentation mimics the breakdown product that is formed when the compound undergoes either acid or base catalyzed hydrolysis in aqueous solutions, the mechanism that produces the fragment ion appears to involve a two-step process. Initially, the parent ion forms of the analyte are produced in the spray region of the interface followed by wall-catalyzed decomposition and re-ionization in the heated inlet capillary of the spectrometer.     

Low temperature absorption spectra of TcO 4 − and ReO 4 − in KClO4

The low temperature spectra of TcO ₄ ^– and ReO ₄ ^– both show two band systems with pronounced vibrational structures. The bands are identified as¹ A ₁¹ T ₂ transitions. No other bands are observed with certainty. It seems likely that the KClO₄ crystals contain KReO₄ crystallites. They are therefore not pure mixed crystals. It is concluded that the virtual orbital (2e) used in the construction of the low lying states resembles an atomic nd orbital more and more when going from n=3, Mn to n=5, Re.

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Zusammenfassung Die Tieftemperaturspektren von TcO ₄ ^– und ReO ₄ ^– zeigen beide zwei Bandensysteme mit ausgeprägten Schwingungsstrukturen. Die Banden werden als ¹ A ₁¹ T ₂-Übergänge identifiziert. Keine anderen Banden werden mit Sicherheit beobachtet. Es scheint wahrscheinlich, daß die KClO₄-Kristalle KReO₄-Kristallite enthalten und deswegen keine reinen Mischkristalle sind. Es wird geschlossen, daß das virtuelle Orbital (2e), welches zur Konstruktion der tiefliegenden Zustände gebraucht wird, in der Reihe n=3, Mn bis n=5, Re immer weitgehender einem nd-Atomorbital ähnelt.

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Nachwuchsstipendiat, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds.     

Comparative Study on the Structure of Water in Reverse Micelles Stabilized with Sodium Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Sulfosuccinate or Sodium Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate in n-Heptane

The microstructure of water solubilized in H(2)O/surfactant/n-heptane ternary systems has been investigated by employing (1)H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. Two reverse micellar systems were prepared and studied, i.e., sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate in n-heptane (H(2)O/AOT/n-heptane) and sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate in n-heptane (H(2)O/NaDEHP/n-heptane). (1)H-NMR data showed that the chemical shift of water protons for the AOT and NaDEHP reverse micelles varied downfield and upfield, respectively, with an increase of the water content. The opposite shift directions with increasing water content are interpreted as due to a composition change of the solubilized water associated with head-groups and sodium counterions in reverse micellar systems. On the basis of deconvolution results of FT-IR spectra, a four-component model is proposed to interpret the FT-IR and (1)H-NMR results. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

On hyper-Zagreb index conditions for hamiltonicity of graphs

Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal - During the last decade, several research groups have published results on sufficient conditions for the hamiltonicity of graphs by using some topological...     

Outcome regression-based estimation of conditional average treatment effect

Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics - The research is about a systematic investigation on the following issues. First, we construct different outcome regression-based estimators for...     

Global well-posedness for the 3-D MHD equations with partial diffusion in the periodic domain

In this paper, we prove the global well-posedness of the 3-D magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) equations with partial diffusion in the periodic domain when the initial velocity is small and the initial magnetic field is close to a background magnetic field satisfying the Diophantine condition.     

Neue Näherungsgleichung zur einheitlichen Berechnung von Wärmeübertragern

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine für alle Stromführungen einheitliche Näherungsgleichung mit drei oder vier anpaßbaren Parametern zur Berechnung des Korrekturfaktors für die mittlere logarithmische Temperaturdifferenz angegeben. Die anpaßbaren Parameter wurden für etwa 50 verschiedene Stromführungen durch Ausgleichsrechnung bestimmt. Die Genauigkeit der Gleichung ist für die Berechnung im praktisch wichtigen Bereich mehr als ausreichend.

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New approximate equation for uniform heat exchanger design

An approximate equation with three or four empirical parameters for the uniform calculation of the LMTD-correction factor of all heat exchanger configurations is proposed. The empirical parameters have been determined for about 50 different flow configurations using least squares estimation. The accuracy of the equation is more than sufficient for practical design purposes.

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Formelzeichen A Übertragungsfläche - a, b, c, d Parameter der Näherungsgleichung - Wärmekapazitätsstrom - F Korrekturfaktor für die logarithmische mittlere Temperaturdifferenz - k Wärmedurchgangskoeffizient - m, n Zahl der Durchgänge oder Einzelapparate - NTU Anzahl der Übertragungseinheiten (number of transfer units); NTU_i=kA/ _i - P dimensionslose Temperaturänderung - R Wärmekapazitätsstromverhältnis;R ₁=₁/₂;R ₂=₂/₁ - relativer Fehler - Mittelwert von NTU₁ und NTU₂ Indizes 1, 2 Stoffstrom 1, 2 - G Gegenstrom - s Schätzwert Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. E.h. K. Stephan zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Observation of isomeric states in197Bi

The high spin states of¹¹⁹Te, populated in¹¹⁰Pd(¹³C,4n) and¹¹⁰Pd(¹²C,3n) reactions, have been studied through -ray spectroscopy. The level scheme has been established upto a spin of 55/2. Three-quasiparticle states, based on g² _7/2h_11/2 and g_7/2d_5/2h_11/2 configurations, have been identified. The 35/2 and 39/2 states are suggested to be the fully aligned states constituted by five valence h_11/2 ³, g_7/2, d_5/2 quasiparticles.