A model of processes determining the intensity of DAPS and AEAPS signals

A simple model including different processes important for the creation of APS signals formed by electrons is proposed. Mean probabilities of elastic and inelastic interactions of electrons with individual atom layers in the solid are introduced. The contribution of different layers to the DAPS and AEPS signals and the dependence of these signals on the interaction parameters are calculated.I am indebted to dr. J. Pavluch for valuable discussions.     

Some features of solar wind protons, α particles and heavy ions behaviour: The Prognoz 7 and Prognoz 8 experimental results

The paper describes the results of investigations of the solar wind ions, carried out on board the high apogee Prognoz 7 and Prognoz 8 Earth's satellites with the aid of an SKS instrument (USSR) and a Monitor instrument (USSR-SSR). Behaviour of proton and that of components on the front of Earth's bow and interplanetary shock waves were compared by means of the energoanalysis and energy-mass analysis techniques. In several long-term periods of observation the solar wind heavy ions — oxygen, silicon and iron were determined. It enabled us to estimate the solar corona chemical composition and electron temperature.Presented at the 5th General Assembly IAGA/IAMAP August 5–17, 1985, Prague, Czechoslovakia.     

Separation and determination of volatile compounds in synthetic wine samples by gas chromatography using UV-visible molecular absorption spectrometry as detector

This paper shows the separation and determination of eight compounds containing the OH group (ethanol, pentanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, hexanol, phenol, benzyl-alcohol, phenylethanol and geraniol) in synthetic wine by gas chromatography using UV-Vis molecular absorption spectrometry as detection system. All the parameters affecting the separation and determination were optimised using some methods of experiment design. The analytical characteristics of each compound were calculated and detection limits ranging from 2.3 to 74 mg l(-1) have been obtained.     

On the diffusion field in the neighborhood of two identical spheres

Summary Under steady state conditions the reduction in the diffusive flux into a sphere due the presence of a neighboring, identical sphere is calculated. Taking the flux into a sphere as 1 when the particles are at infinite separation, the flux decreases to a minimum value of 0.693 when the spheres are touching.

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Zusammenfassung Unter stationären Bedingungen wird die Abnahme des Diffusionsflusses in eine Kugel, bedingt durch eine benachbarte identische Kugel, berechnet.Wird der Diffusionsfluß in eine Kugel gleich 1 gesetzt, wenn die Partikel unendlich weit voneinander entfernt sind, so nimmt der Diffusionsfluß auf einen Minimalwert von 0,693 ab, wenn sich die Kugeln berühren.

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With 2 figures     

Umsetzung von hydrobromiertem 1,4-Polybutadien mit lithiumorganischen Verbindungen

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 1 Abbildung und 1 Tabelle     

Effect of solidified salts on1 3 7Cs leaching from bituminized products

The leaching rate of^{1 3 7}Cs from bituminized products was studied by leach tests conducted for two years.     

Eine semiempirische Gleichung zur Beschreibung des Lösungsmitteleinflusses auf Statik und Kinetik chemischer Reaktionen. Teil I

A model has been developed for calculating the enthalpy, entropy and free energy change associated with the creation of cavities in a liquid the size of which corresponds to the volume occupied by a solvent molecule. The molar enthalpy change H _cav equals the molar enthalpy of vaporization of the liquid, the free energy change G _cav is given by G _cav=–RT ln (V _m ·p _eq /RT) (V _m =molar volume,p _eq =equilibrium vapor pressure) and is related to the standard free energy of vaporization. This relationship provides an estimate of the free energy of cavity formation required to accomodate a substrate in the liquid. It has been shown, that the free energy of solvation of a substrate can be dissected into different contributions accounting for (1) the concentration dependence of partial molar free energy quantities, (2) the formation of holes in the solvent, (3) the existence of specific, short range solute-solvent interactions and (4) the dielectric polarization of the medium. Application of this concept leads to an equation of the general form G ^S –G ^R =a(DN ^S –DN ^R )+b(AN ^S –AN ^R )+c(G _vp ^oS –G _vp ^oR ), where G represents the free energy of reaction or activation,DN the donor number,AN the acceptor number and G _vp ^o the standard free energy of vaporization of a solventS and a reference solventR, resp.

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Mit 3 Abbildungen     

Influence of ethanol oxidation rate on the lactate/pyruvate ratio and phosphorylation state of the liver in fed rats.

The effect of the ethanol oxidation rate on the interaction between the phosphorylation state (the [ATP]/[ADP] X [HPO4]2- ratio) and the redox state (the free [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio) of the liver cytosol was studied in intact fed rats. The rate of ethanol oxidation was inhibited to different degrees with pyrazole. The ethanol oxidation rate had no influence on the liver lactate level but correlated significantly with the pyruvate level. Accordingly, a significant correlation was also found between the ethanol oxidation rate and the lactate/pyruvate ratio. The rate of ethanol oxidation correlated significantly with the liver 3-phosphoglycerate level. No change in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate level was found. No correlation was found between the ethanol oxidation rate and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate/3-phosphoglycerate redox couple. Ethanol administration slightly increased the liver ATP level, but the simultaneous administration of pyrazole eliminated this effect. Other adenine nucleotides and HPO4 2- were not changed. The changes in the rate of ethanol oxidation had no effect on the phosphorylation state in the fed liver. It is assumed that in the fed liver the phosphorylation state is so well stabilized that the redox level has no influence.     

Determination of lithium in human serum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

An efficient method was developed for the determination of nanogram levels of lithium in biological samples. Serum samples from human subjects from southeastern Spain, treated or not treated with lithium carbonate, were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The samples were previously treated with a matrix modifier consisting of 0.1% Triton X-100 and injected through a graphite tube with L'vov platform. The Li concentrations measured by the procedure described for the 3 certified reference samples used were not significantly different (p > 0.05) than certified levels. Sample recoveries and variability during several days, with coefficients of variation from 4.00 to 14.8%, demonstrated the reliability and accuracy of this technique. Mean Li concentration determined in the serum of individuals with psychiatric disorders treated with Li (n = 117, 5.077 +/- 1.795 microg Li/mL) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that in individuals not treated with Li (n = 24, 1.902 +/- 2.054 ng Li/mL).     

Homogeneous hydrogenation of ketones to alcohols with ruthenium complex catalysts

A number of ruthenium triphenylphosphine complexes catalyse the reduction of ketones to their corresponding alcohols in the presence of water. The most convenient catalyst precursors are carbonyl containing complexes which do not promote decarbonylation of the substrate. The hydrogenation of acetone with hydridochlorocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium is first order with respect to the substrate concentration, the catalyst concentration, the hydrogen pressure and the water concentration. Turnover numbers up to 15,000 have been achieved with this catalyst. Other ketones are also reduced by RuHCl(CO)(PPh₃)₃ and the rate of the reaction is dependent on the nature of the substrate.