The thermal decomposition process of kaolinite–potassium acetate intercalation complex has been studied using simultaneous thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-MS). The results showed that the thermal decomposition of the complex took place in four temperature ranges, namely 50–100, 260–320, 320–550, and 650–780 °C. The maximal mass losses rate for the thermal decomposition of the kaolinite–potassium acetate intercalation complex was observed at 81, 296, 378, 411, 486, and 733 °C, which was attributed to (a) loss of the adsorbed water, (b) thermal decomposition of surface-adsorbed potassium acetate (KAc), (c) the loss of the water coordinated to potassium acetate in the intercalated kaolinite, (d) the thermal decomposition of intercalated KAc in the interlayer of kaolinite and the removal of inner surface hydroxyls, (e) the loss of the inner hydroxyls, and (f) the thermal decomposition of carbonate derived from the decomposition of KAc. The thermal decomposition of intercalated potassium acetate started in the range 320–550 °C accompanied by the release of water, acetone, carbon dioxide, and acetic acid. The identification of pyrolysis fragment ions provided insight into the thermal decomposition mechanism. The results showed that the main decomposition fragment ions of the kaolinite–KAc intercalation complex were water, acetone, carbon dioxide, and acetic acid. TG-FTIR-MS was demonstrated to be a powerful tool for the investigation of kaolinite intercalation complexes. It delivers a detailed insight into the thermal decomposition processes of the kaolinite intercalation complexes characterized by mass loss and the evolved gases. 相似文献
A new Ni4 distorted cubane complex [Ni4(μ3-OMe)4Q4(MeOH)4] (1) (where Q− is the anion of 8-quinolinol) is obtained from the reaction of NaQ with Ni(OAc)2 · 4H2O in refluxing MeOH via solvent derived μ3-OMe assisted self-assembly of four nickel(II) centres. The periphery of [Ni4(OMe)4] cubane is covered by four Q− and four MeOH molecules. This methanol specific reaction is not supported in solvent glycinol (Hgl; NH2(CH2)2OH), an amine substituted ethanol, producing monomeric [NiQ2(Hgl)2] · 2H2O (2 · 2H2O) instead and is able to cleave 1 to yield 2 · 2H2O. The cryomagnetic susceptibility data of powdered 1 can be modeled by a two J equation yielding J1 = −1.8(1) cm−1, J2 = 3.9(1) cm−1 and g = 2.24. 相似文献
Control interventions and farming knowledge are equally important for plant disease control. In this article, a mathematical model has been derived using saturated response functions (nonlinear infection rate) for studying the dynamics of mosaic disease with farming awareness based roguing (removal of infected plants) and insecticide spraying . It is assumed that the use of roguing and spraying depend on the level of awareness about the disease. The model possesses three equilibria namely the trivial, which is always unstable, the disease-free equilibrium which is stable if the basic reproduction number is below unity and the coexisting which may be stable or can exhibit Hopf-bifurcation under certain condition. Finally, we have opted an optimal control problem introducing three control parameters for determining the optimal level of roguing, spraying and cost regarding media awareness for cost-effective control of mosaic disease. Numerical simulations establish the main results suggesting that the awareness campaigns through radio, TV advertisement are important for eradication of the disease. Also, awareness campaign, roguing and spraying should be incorporated with optimal level for cost effective control of mosaic disease.
Many materials (e.g., rubber or biologic tissues) are "nearly" incompressible and often assumed to be incompressible in their constitutive equations. This assumption hinders realistic analyses of wave motion including acoustoelasticity. In this study, this constraint is relaxed and the reflected waves from nearly incompressible, hyper-elastic materials are examined. Specifically, reflection coefficients are considered from the interface of water and uni-axially prestretched rubber. Both forward and inverse problems are experimentally and analytically studied with the incident wave perpendicular to the interface. In the forward problem, the wave reflection coefficient at the interface is evaluated with strain energy functions for nearly incompressible materials in order to compute applied strain. For the general inverse problem, mathematical relations are derived that identify both uni-axial strains and normalized material constants from reflected wave data. The validity of this method of analysis is demonstrated via an experiment with stretched rubber. Results demonstrate that applied strains and normalized material coefficients can be simultaneously determined from the reflected wave data alone if they are collected at several different (but unknown) levels of strain. This study therefore indicates that acoustoelasticity, with an appropriate constitutive formulation, can determine strain and material properties in hyper-elastic, nearly incompressible materials. 相似文献
We investigate modulation transfer through pump induced atomic coherence in pump-probe spectroscopy of Doppler broadened medium
of cesium atoms. The mechanism of modulation transfer is discussed for a three level Λ configuration under slow frequency modulation. Modulation transfer is demonstrated by performing frequency modulation spectroscopy
(FMS) on a sub-natural linewidth (<2 MHz) electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signal. Here the pump laser is modulated by acousto-optic frequency
modulation and the modulation is transferred to the probe laser through atomic coherence. Finally the probe laser is locked
on the first derivative spectrum of EIT signal. Such atomic frequency offset locking system totally removes the necessity
of direct modulation of laser frequency, so that the spectral resolution is limited only by the practical linewidth of the
laser systems. Moreover it provides a novel way to eliminate the additional
frequency and intensity noise associated with direct frequency dithering, which may limit the experimental resolution. 相似文献
We obtain, by extensive direct numerical simulations, time-dependent and equal-time structure functions for the vorticity, in both quasi-Lagrangian and Eulerian frames, for the direct-cascade regime in two-dimensional fluid turbulence with air-drag-induced friction. We show that different ways of extracting time scales from these time-dependent structure functions lead to different dynamic-multiscaling exponents, which are related to equal-time multiscaling exponents by different classes of bridge relations; for a representative value of the friction we verify that, given our error bars, these bridge relations hold. 相似文献