Incompatible and Contradictory Retrodictions in the History Approach to Quantum Mechanics

We illustrate two simple spin examples which show that in the consistent histories approach to quantum mechanics one can retrodict with certainty incompatible or contradictory propositions corresponding to non-orthogonal or, respectively, orthogonal projections.     

PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF AMINO ACIDS BY DI-CYAN-HEMIN: KINETIC AND EPR STUDIES

Abstract— The low spin hemin derivative di-cyan-hemin can sensitize the photooxidation of amino acids. The efficiency of this dye as a photosensitizer is generally lower than that of other porphyrins such as hematoporphyrin in aqueous solution, but it is significantly enhanced by addition of ethanol. On the basis of the identified photooxidation end-products of some amino acids, photooxidation kinetic data and EPR measurements, it appears that methionine is quantitatively converted to methionine sulfoxide by a pure Type II (singlet oxygen) mechanism, whereas in the case of cysteine and tryptophan a mixed Type ILType II mechanism is probably operative.     

Photohemolysis of erythrocytes enriched with superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase

Abstract— Cationic liposomes have been used to introduce into human erythrocytes variable amounts of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. The behaviour of the enzyme-enriched erythrocytes toward photohemolysis sensitized by protoporphyrin IX has been studied in comparison to that of erythrocytes treated with empty liposomes. The erythrocytes with increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity were more resistant to photohemolysis. In contrast, the erythrocytes enriched with superoxide dismutase hemolyzed faster. The association of two enzymes at a time was also studied     

Segregation and phase transition in mixed lipid films

Energy dispersion X-ray diffraction (EDXD) was applied to investigate the structure of partly dehydrated mixed films formed by the phospholipid dimyristoyl phosphatidylcoline (DMPC) and any of the three diastereomers of the dicationic gemini surfactant (2S,3S)-2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-bis(N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium) butane dibromide. As the surfactant to lipid molar ratio (R(S/L)) increases, the gemini monotonically solubilizes the lipid bilayer promoting the formation of a cubic phase of space group Pmn segregating from the residual lamellar phase of the lipid. Finally, at R(S/)(L) = 1, the phase transition is complete. The mixed film at the highest surfactant to lipid molar ratio (R(S/L) = 2.3) was hydrated by a vapor saturated atmosphere. At full hydration, a cubic to lamellar phase transition occurs. Coarse grain dynamic investigations, carried out as a function of both the surfactant to lipid molar ratio and the number of water molecules for amphiphile unit, allowed us to elucidate the structure of the emerging cubic phase and the hydration-induced structural pathway of the cubic to lamellar phase transition observed by EDXD.     

PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY OF B16 PIGMENTED MELANOMA WITH LIPOSOME-DELIVERED Si(IV)-NAPHTHALOCYANINE

The possibility of extending photodynamic therapy to the treatment of highly pigmented neoplastic lesions was tested by using Si(IV)-naphthalocyanine (SiNc) as a tumor-localizing agent. Si(IV)-naphthalocyanine displays intense absorbance at 776 nm (ɛ= 5 × 10⁵ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹), where melanin absorption becomes weaker. As an experimental model we selected B16 pigmented melanoma subcutaneously transplanted to C57BL mice. Upon injection of 0.5 or 1 mg kg⁻¹ of liposome-incorporated SiNc, maximal accumulation of the photosensitizer in the tumor was observed at 24 h with recoveries of 0.35 and 0.57 μg g⁻¹, respectively. However, the tumor targeting by SiNc shows essentially no selectivity, since the photosensitizer concentrations in the skin (peritumoral tissue) were very similar to those found in the tumor at all postinjection times examined by us. Irradiation of SiNc-loaded melanoma with 776 nm light from a diode laser at 24 h postinjection induces tumor necrosis and delay of tumor growth. The effect appears to be of purely photochemical nature at dose rates up to 260 mW cm⁻²; at higher dose rates, thermal effects are likely to become important.     

The dynamical structure of the Einstein equations for a non-rotating starss

The relativistic interior dynamics of a spherically symmetric, non rotating star composed of an elastic material is analyzed. A suitable formulation of relativistic elasticity is used, and the corresponding second order Einstein equations are found. The equations arise naturally in a non-comoving frame and reduce, in the static case, to the generalized Tohnan-Oppenheimer-Volkhoff equations considered by J. Kijowski and the author in a previous paper. The charged case is also discussed.     

Über die Feststellung aseptischer Knochennekrose durch Bestimmung der Knochenstruktur

Zusammenfassung Durch eineLaue-Aufnahme ist es möglich, ohne jede Vermessung oder Berechnung gesunden und nekrotischen Knochen zu unterscheiden. Im Knochen, der der Nekrose verfallen ist, spielen sich Strukturveränderungen ab, die mit Hilfe einesLaue-Diagramms oft viele Monate vor der klinischen Diagnose feststellbar sind.

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Summary By means of aLaue-picture, it is possible to distinguish healthy and necrotic bones without measurement or calculation. In bones, which have undergone necrosis, structural changes occur which often can be detected by means of aLaue diagram many months before the clinical diagnosis reveals this condition.

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Résumé A l'aide d'un cloché deLaue, il est possible se distinguer entre les os sains et les os nécrosés, sans aucune mesure et sans aucun calcul. Dans l'os qui est attaqué par la nécrose, on voit des changements de structure, décelables au moyen du diagramme deLaue, souvent plusieurs mois avant le diagnostic clinique.

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Die Untersuchungen, die dem vorliegenden Bericht zugrunde liegen, sind vom Herbst 1943 bis Juli 1944 ausgeführt worden und konnten der Zeitumstände halber seinerzeit nicht publiziert werden.

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Mit 9 Abbildungen.