全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3340篇 |
免费 | 97篇 |
国内免费 | 32篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1977篇 |
晶体学 | 40篇 |
力学 | 72篇 |
数学 | 746篇 |
物理学 | 634篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 14篇 |
2022年 | 82篇 |
2021年 | 126篇 |
2020年 | 52篇 |
2019年 | 65篇 |
2018年 | 66篇 |
2017年 | 52篇 |
2016年 | 118篇 |
2015年 | 90篇 |
2014年 | 128篇 |
2013年 | 219篇 |
2012年 | 210篇 |
2011年 | 209篇 |
2010年 | 153篇 |
2009年 | 153篇 |
2008年 | 180篇 |
2007年 | 196篇 |
2006年 | 175篇 |
2005年 | 174篇 |
2004年 | 133篇 |
2003年 | 95篇 |
2002年 | 78篇 |
2001年 | 38篇 |
2000年 | 51篇 |
1999年 | 46篇 |
1998年 | 36篇 |
1997年 | 35篇 |
1996年 | 33篇 |
1995年 | 36篇 |
1994年 | 29篇 |
1993年 | 32篇 |
1992年 | 24篇 |
1991年 | 23篇 |
1990年 | 14篇 |
1989年 | 18篇 |
1988年 | 19篇 |
1987年 | 16篇 |
1986年 | 25篇 |
1985年 | 31篇 |
1984年 | 29篇 |
1983年 | 19篇 |
1982年 | 21篇 |
1981年 | 17篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 13篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1873年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有3469条查询结果,搜索用时 421 毫秒
31.
Piotr Dobrzynski Janusz Kasperczyk 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2006,44(10):3184-3201
Using zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate as an initiator of lactide/trimethylene carbonate copolymerization allowed us to obtain high‐molecular‐weight copolymers with high efficiency. The reactivity ratios of the comonomers were 13.0 for lactide and 0.53 for trimethylene carbonate. Despite the large differences between the values of the reactivity ratios, copolymers with randomized chain structures were obtained. This phenomenon occurred as a result of an intensive intermolecular transesterification process proceeding along with the reaction of copolymer chain growth and modifying its final structure. Conducting the copolymerization at the relatively low temperature of about 110 °C, which minimized the influence of intermolecular transesterification, made it possible to obtain semicrystalline copolymers with multiblock structures. Increasing the temperature of copolymerization up to 180 °C was associated with strong intensification of the transesterification reactions. At this temperature, amorphous copolymers were obtained with identical compositions but highly randomized chain structures. An analysis of the chain microstructures of the obtained copolymers, determining the average length of the blocks, the intermolecular transesterification ratio, and the degree of chain randomization, was conducted by means of NMR spectroscopy. For this purpose, very specific signal assignment in the carbonyl and methylene carbon regions of the 13C NMR spectra to appropriate comonomer sequences of polymeric chains was performed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3184–3201, 2006 相似文献
32.
Piotr Dobrzynski Janusz Kasperczyk 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2006,44(1):98-114
The results of the copolymerization of glycolide with cyclic trimethylene carbonate and 2,2‐dimethyltrimethylene carbonate are described. The copolymerization was conducted in the presence of low‐toxicity zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate as an initiator. With this kind of initiator, the composition of the comonomer units in the copolymer chains was assumed to be obtained with high efficiency. Despite significant differences in the comonomer reactivity, in copolymers containing comparable amounts of glycolidyl and carbonate sequences, highly randomized chain structures were observed. This effect resulted from strong intermolecular transesterification that proceeded during the studied copolymerization and caused glycolidyl microblock randomization. The assignment of the spectral NMR lines to appropriate comonomer sequences of polymeric chains was performed in the region of methylene protons of glycolidyl units in 1H NMR spectra of the copolymers and in the carbonyl region of carbon spectra. The equations were formulated for a detailed characterization of the obtained copolymer chains, the average lengths of the blocks, and the transesterification and randomization coefficients. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 98–114, 2006 相似文献
33.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to investigate the effect of reactive ion etching (RIE) on poly(methylhydrogensiloxane-co-dimethylsiloxane) surface in fluorine-based plasmas. Polysiloxane layers supported on the standard silicon wafers were etched using SF6 + O2 or CF4 + O2 plasmas. SEM studies show that the polysiloxane morphology depends on plasma chemical composition strongly. Presence of a columnar layer likely covered with a fluorine rich compound was found on the elastomer surface after the CF4 + O2 plasma exposure. After the SF6 + O2 or CF4 + O2 plasma treatment the polysiloxane surface enriches with fluorine or with fluorine and aluminum, respectively. Different morphologies and surface chemical compositions of the silicone elastomer etched in both plasmas indicate different etching mechanisms. 相似文献
34.
J. Brunner H. -J. Grabosch H. H. Kaufmann R. Nahnhauer S. Nowak S. Schlenstedt V. V. Ammosov V. I. Ermolaev A. A. Ivanilov P. V. Ivanov V. I. Konyushko V. M. Korablev V. A. Korotkov V. A. Krupnov V. V. Makeev A. G. Myagkov A. Yu. Polyarush A. A. Sokolov SKAT-Collaboration 《Zeitschrift fur Physik C Particles and Fields》1990,45(4):551-555
The cross sections of neutrino and antineutrino quasielastic reactions \(vn \to \mu ^ - p,\bar vp \to \mu ^ + n,\bar vp \to \mu ^ + \Lambda\) were studied in the neutrino energy range between 3 and 30 GeV. In comparison withV-A theory axial mass parameters ofM A =(1.06±0.05±0.14) GeV/c2 from neutrino andM A =(0.71±0.10±0.20) GeV/c2 from antineutrino data were found. The total cross-section for the hyperon production process can be described byM A =1.0 GeV/c2. 相似文献
35.
Werner Georg Nowak 《Monatshefte für Mathematik》1988,106(1):57-63
Assuming the Riemann Hypothesis to be true, an asymptotic with a sharp error term is established for the number of primitive lattice points inside a rational ellipseau
2+buv+cv
2x (a, b, c integers,b
2–4ac<0). A generalization of the result is given applying (as an example) to counting functions of Pythagorean triangles. 相似文献
36.
Marian Nowak 《Mathematische Nachrichten》1988,136(1):241-251
Let LΨ and EΨ be the ORLICZ space and the space of finite elements respectively, on a measure space (Ω, Σ, μ), and let T ? (0, ∞). It is proved that if inf {p: p ? T} ? T or sup {p: p ? T} ? T and μ is an infinite atomless measure, then there is no ORLICZ function Ψ such that: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ L^\varphi = Lin\mathop { \cup L^p }\limits_{p\varepsilon T} $\end{document} or \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ E^\varphi = Lin\mathop { \cup L^p }\limits_{p\varepsilon T} $\end{document} and moreover, there is no ORLICZ function Ψ such that: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ L^\varphi = Lin\mathop { \cap L^p }\limits_{p\varepsilon T} $\end{document} or \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ E^\varphi = Lin\mathop { \cap L^p }\limits_{p\varepsilon T} $\end{document}. 相似文献
37.
Ammar R Ball RC Banerjee S Bhat PC Bosetti P Bromberg C Canough GE Coffin T Dershem TO Dixon RL Fenker HC Ganguli SN Gensch U Girtler P Goshaw AT Grard F Gurtu A Hamilton C Henri VP Hernandez JJ Hrubec J Iori M Jones LW Kuhn D Knauss D Leedom ID Legros P Lemonne J Leutz H Liu X Malhotra PK Marraffino JM Mendez GE Miller R Naumann T Nguyen A Nowak H Pilette P Poirier J Poppleton A Raghavan R Rasner K Reucroft S Robertson WJ Roe BP Roth A Senko M Struczinski W Subramanian A Touboul MC Vonck B 《Physical review letters》1988,61(19):2185-2188
38.
V. V. Ammosov V. I. Ermolaev V. S. Filippov V. I. Hleborad A. A. Ivanilov P. V. Ivanov V. I. Konyushko V. M. Korablev V. A. Korotkov V. A. Krupnov A. I. Kurnosenko E. P. Kuznetsov V. V. Makeev A. G. Myagkov A. Yu. Polyarush A. A. Sokolov H. J. Grabosch H. H. Kaufmann R. Nahnhauer S. Nowak H. E. Roloff S. Schlenstedt SKAT-Collaboration 《Zeitschrift fur Physik C Particles and Fields》1988,40(4):493-496
We present the final results from the search for μe pairs produced in neutrino interactions using the freon filled bubble chamber SKAT. The rate of μ? e + pairs to charged current events above the charm threshold is \(R_{\mu ^ - e^ + } = (4.8 \pm 1.1)10^{ - 3} \) . Assuming charm particle production to be the origin of the positron we calculate \(R_{\Lambda _c^ + } = (6.2 \pm 3.1)10^{ - 2} \) andR D =(2.8±0.9)10?2. We observe no considerable μ? e ? pair production above the background. In the regionE v >3 GeV,p μ,e >1.0 GeV/c andp μ>p e we find with a 90% confidence level the limit \(R_{\mu ^ - e^ - }< 1.7 10^{ - 4} \) . 相似文献
39.
Gajdek P Bober B Mej E Bialczyk J 《Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology》2004,76(1-3):103-106
UV radiation was applied to degrade cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, microcystin-LR in the presence of phycocyanin as a model natural sensitiser. The concentrations of both the toxin and the pigment used in the experiments were higher by several orders of magnitude than found in the environment. The photoreaction parameters were optimised. The process was found to be of limited use for water treatment due to its low efficacy. Additionally, pronounced UV-induced bleaching of the pigment significantly reducing the photoreaction rates of the toxin was observed for the highest UV radiation intensities applied. 相似文献
40.
PHOTOCYTOTOXICITY OF CURCUMIN 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Thomas A. Dahll Piotr Bilski Krzysztof J. Reszka Colin F. Chignell 《Photochemistry and photobiology》1994,59(3):290-294
Curcumin, bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-l,6-diene-3,5-dione, is a yellow-orange dye derived from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa. Curcumin has demonstrated phototoxicity to several species of bacteria under aerobic conditions (Dahl, T. A., et al. , 1989, Arch. Microbiol. 151 183), denoting photodynamic inactivation. We have now found that curcumin is also phototoxic to mammalian cells, using a rat basophilic leukemia cell model, and that this phototoxicity again requires the presence of oxygen. The spectral and photochemical properties of curcumin vary with environment, resulting in the potential for multiple or alternate pathways for the exertion of photodynamic effects. For example, curcumin photogenerates singlet oxygen and reduced forms of molecular oxygen under several conditions relevant to cellular environments. In addition, we detected carbon-centered radicals, which may lead to oxidation products (see accompanying paper). Such products may be important reactants in curcumin's phototoxicity since singlet oxygen and reduced oxygen species alone could not explain the biological results, such as the relatively long lifetime (t12 = 27 s) of the toxicant responsible for decreased cell viability. 相似文献