Stoichiometric Determination of Carbon in Ceramic Materials by Low Energy Deuteron Activation Analysis

The ¹²C(d,n)¹³N reaction, at 2 MeV, was used for the stoichiometric determination of carbon in reference materials and sintered pellets of SiC ceramics. The preliminary results show higher percentage of carbon on the surface in comparison to the core of the sintered ceramics, indicating the existence of carbon contamination on the surface, possibly caused by the sintering process itself.     

Supersolutions to Degenerate Elliptic Equations on Quasi open Sets

A nonliner potenitial theory for the supersolutions of equations similar to the ^p-Laplacian is studied on quasi open setes. We also introduce Sobolev spaces W₁, p(U) and W_{1 p} ^o on quasi sets. The equivalence of several possible definitions of such spaces, as well as completencess, density results and an analogue of Baby's theorem, are proved. The basic probperties of supersolutions to the above equation on quasi open sets and corresponding finely A-superharmonic functions (a nonlinear version of Fugleds's concept) are investigated. We prove that each bounded finely superharmonic function is a fine supersoluan asymptotic corrdinate path along which an unbounded A-subharmonie function grows to indinity     

BLD-mappings in $W^{2,2}$ are locally invertible

We prove that mappings of bounded length distortion are local homeomorphisms if they have -integrable weak second derivatives. Received March 31, 1999 / Revised December 12, 1999 / Published online July 20, 2000     

Thermo-Reversible Cellulose Micro Phase-Separation in Mixtures of Methyltributylphosphonium Acetate and γ-Valerolactone or DMSO

We have identified cellulose solvents, comprised of binary mixtures of molecular solvents and ionic liquids that rapidly dissolve cellulose to high concentration and show upper-critical solution temperature (UCST)-like thermodynamic behaviour - upon cooling and micro phase-separation to roughly spherical microparticle particle-gel mixtures. This is a result of an entropy-dominant process, controllable by changing temperature, with an overall exothermic regeneration step. However, the initial dissolution of cellulose in this system, from the majority cellulose I allomorph upon increasing temperature, is also exothermic. The mixtures essentially act as ‘thermo-switchable’ gels. Upon initial dissolution and cooling, micro-scaled spherical particles are formed, the formation onset and size of which are dependent on the presence of traces of water. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and ¹³C cross-polarisation magic-angle spinning (CP-MAS) NMR spectroscopy have identified that the cellulose micro phase-separates with no remaining cellulose I allomorph and eventually forms a proportion of the cellulose II allomorph after water washing and drying. The rheological properties of these solutions demonstrate the possibility of a new type of cellulose processing, whereby morphology can be influenced by changing temperature.     

Thermische Marangonikonvektion in Tropfen unter Mikrogravitation bei Beachtung der Tropfendeformation

Übersicht Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse sind Teil eines Forschungsprojektes mit dem Ziel, Marangonikonvektion unter Schwerelosigkeit mittels transienter Temperaturfelder zu beeinflussen. In dieser Veröffentlichung werden Lösungen für stationäre Strömungsfelder unter Vorgabe des Temperaturfeldes an der Oberfläche eines frei schwebenden Tropfens präsentiert. In der bestehenden Literatur wird zur Berechnung dieser Ergebnisse die freie Oberfläche des Tropfens als nicht deformierte Kugel vorgegeben. Im Vergleich dazu ergibt sich die Oberfläche in den hier vorgestellten Ergebnissen als Teil der Lösung. Das Strömungsfeld im Tropfen wird für verschiedene Reynolds-Zahlen 0Re5000 und Kapillarzahlen 10Ca1000 dargestellt.

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Thermal Marangoni convection in drops under microgravity taking into account their deformation

Summary The investigations presented here are part of a microgravity project in which the reduction of thermal Marangoni convection by using a transient heat source is studied experimentally and theoretically. This publication shows the results of the theoretical considerations concerning steady state fluid motion in a drop under microgravity induced by a given temperature field at the surface of the drop. In contrast to the literature where the surface is assumed to be an underformed sphere the position of the surface is part of the solutions obtained. The solutions have been computed for Reynolds numbers 0Re5000 and capillary numbers 10Ca1000.

     

Phase equilibria on five binary systems containing 1-butanethiol and 3-methylthiophene in hydrocarbons

Isothermal vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) of the following systems was measured with a recirculation still: 1-butanethiol + methylcyclopentane at 343.15 K, 1-butanethiol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 368.15 K, 3-methylthiophene + toluene at 383.15 K, 3-methylthiophene + o-xylene at 383.15 K, and 3-methylthiophene + 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene at 383.15 K. 1-Butanethiol + methylcyclopentane and 1-butanethiol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane systems exhibit positive deviation from Raoult's law, whereas systems containing 3-methylthiophene in aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit only slight positive deviation from Raoult's law. A maximum pressure azeotrope was found in the system 1-butanethiol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (x₁ = 0.548, P = 100.65 kPa, T = 368.15 K). The experimental results were correlated with the Wilson model and compared with original UNIFAC and COSMO-SAC predictive models. Raoult's law can be used to describe the behavior of 3-methylthiophene in aromatic hydrocarbons at the experimental conditions in this work. Liquid and vapor-phase composition were determined with gas chromatography. All measured data sets passed the thermodynamic consistency tests applied. The activity coefficients at infinite dilution are also presented.     

High-K multi-quasiparticle states in No

We report results from an experiment on the decay of the high-K isomers in ²⁵⁴No. We have been able to establish the decay from the known high-lying four-quasiparticle isomer, which we assign as a Kπ=¹⁶⁺${\mathrm{K}}^{\pi }={16}^{+}$ state at an excitation energy of Ex=2.928(3) MeV${\mathrm{E}}_x=2.928(3)\text{MeV}$. The decay of this state passes through a rotational band based on a previously unobserved state at Ex=2.012(2) MeV${\mathrm{E}}_x=2.012(2)\text{MeV}$, which we suggest is based on a two-quasineutron configuration with Kπ=¹⁰⁺${\mathrm{K}}^{\pi }={10}^{+}$. This state in turn decays to a rotational band based on the known Kπ=⁸⁻${\mathrm{K}}^{\pi }=8^{-}$ isomer, which we infer must also have a two quasineutron configuration. We are able to assign many new gamma-rays associated with the decay of the Kπ=⁸⁻${\mathrm{K}}^{\pi }=8^{-}$ isomer, including the identification of a highly K-forbidden ΔK=8$\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{K}=8$ E1 transition to the ground-state band. These results provide valuable new information on the orbitals close to the Fermi surface, pairing correlations, deformation and rotational response, and K-conservation in nuclei of the deformed trans-fermium region.     

Synthesis of novel (1-alkanoyloxy-4-alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives

A novel strategy for the synthesis of (1-alkanoyloxy-4-alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives (1a-d) via (1-hydroxy-4-alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives (2a-d), starting from alendronate has been developed with reasonable 51-77% overall yields. Intermediate products, (1-hydroxy-4-alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives (2a-d), were prepared in water with reasonable to high yields (52-94%).     

Adsorption of cationic lipid bilayer onto flat silicon wafers: effect of ion nature and concentration

The effect of monovalent salt nature and concentration over a range of low ionic strengths (0-10 mM LiCl, NaCl, KCl, or CsCl) and at two different pH values (6.3 and 10.0) on adsorption of dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) bilayer fragments (BF) onto flat SiO(2) surfaces was systematically evaluated by means of in situ ellipsometry. High-affinity adsorption isotherms fitted by the Langmuir model indicated that adsorption maxima were consistent with bilayer deposition only around 10 mM monovalent salt at both pH values. In pure water, the mean thickness of the DODAB adsorbed layer was close to zero with bilayer deposition taking place only around 10 mM ionic strength. In the presence of 10 mM CsCl or LiCl, the highest and the lowest affinity constants for DODAB adsorption onto SiO(2) were, respectively, obtained consistently with the expected facility of cation exchange at the surface required for DODAB adsorption. The cation more tightly bound to the solid surface should be Li(+), which would present the largest resistance to displacement by the DODAB cation, whereas the less tightly bound cation should be Cs(+) due to its largest ionic radius and lowest charge density. In other words, DODAB adsorption proceeds in accordance with charge density on the solid surface, which depends on the nature and concentration of bound counterions as well as DODAB cation ability to displace them. AFM images show a very smooth DODAB film adsorbed onto the surface in situ with a large frequency of BF auto-association from their edges. The present results for flat surfaces entirely agree with previous data from our group for DODAB adsorption onto silica particles.