全文获取类型
收费全文 | 28448篇 |
免费 | 808篇 |
国内免费 | 230篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 19368篇 |
晶体学 | 133篇 |
力学 | 657篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
数学 | 5393篇 |
物理学 | 3934篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 184篇 |
2021年 | 278篇 |
2020年 | 347篇 |
2019年 | 314篇 |
2018年 | 276篇 |
2017年 | 294篇 |
2016年 | 604篇 |
2015年 | 621篇 |
2014年 | 661篇 |
2013年 | 1411篇 |
2012年 | 1417篇 |
2011年 | 1717篇 |
2010年 | 954篇 |
2009年 | 818篇 |
2008年 | 1482篇 |
2007年 | 1473篇 |
2006年 | 1559篇 |
2005年 | 1402篇 |
2004年 | 1333篇 |
2003年 | 1102篇 |
2002年 | 1049篇 |
2001年 | 454篇 |
2000年 | 410篇 |
1999年 | 397篇 |
1998年 | 388篇 |
1997年 | 435篇 |
1996年 | 402篇 |
1995年 | 363篇 |
1994年 | 398篇 |
1993年 | 346篇 |
1992年 | 324篇 |
1991年 | 323篇 |
1990年 | 281篇 |
1989年 | 282篇 |
1988年 | 262篇 |
1987年 | 219篇 |
1986年 | 245篇 |
1985年 | 361篇 |
1984年 | 370篇 |
1983年 | 316篇 |
1982年 | 349篇 |
1981年 | 316篇 |
1980年 | 338篇 |
1979年 | 270篇 |
1978年 | 300篇 |
1977年 | 280篇 |
1976年 | 223篇 |
1975年 | 191篇 |
1974年 | 197篇 |
1973年 | 167篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 33 毫秒
991.
Hert J Willett P Wilton DJ Acklin P Azzaoui K Jacoby E Schuffenhauer A 《Journal of chemical information and computer sciences》2004,44(3):1177-1185
Fingerprint-based similarity searching is widely used for virtual screening when only a single bioactive reference structure is available. This paper reviews three distinct ways of carrying out such searches when multiple bioactive reference structures are available: merging the individual fingerprints into a single combined fingerprint; applying data fusion to the similarity rankings resulting from individual similarity searches; and approximations to substructural analysis. Extended searches on the MDL Drug Data Report database suggest that fusing similarity scores is the most effective general approach, with the best individual results coming from the binary kernel discrimination technique. 相似文献
992.
A differential pulse voltammetric study of complexes of Cd(II) and Pb(II) with crown ethers is reported. Measured log K(1) values for Cd(II) with 18-crown-6 (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane), 15-crown-5 (1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxacyclopentadecane), and 12-crown-4 (1,4,7,10-tetraoxacyclododecane) are respectively 2.53 (+/-0.06), 1.97 (+/-0.07), and 1.72 (+/-0.08) and for Pb(II) with 18-crown-6 is 4.17 (+/-0.03), all at 25 degrees C in 0.1 M LiNO(3). Cd(II) is smaller than is usually associated with strong bonding with crown ethers. The high log K(1) values for Cd(2+) with crown ethers found here are discussed in terms of distortion of Cd(II) by relativistic effects. The resulting plasticity of the coordination geometry of the Cd(II) ion allows it to meet the metal ion size requirements of all the crown ethers, allowing high log K(1) values to occur. Crystal structures for [Cd(bz-18-crown-6)(SCN)(2)] (1) (bz-18-crown-6 = benzo-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane) and [K(18-crown-6)][Cd(SCN)(3)] (2) are reported. 1 was triclinic, space group P1, a = 8.5413(2), b = 10.0389(2), and c = 13.4644(2) A, alpha = 94.424(1), beta = 102.286(1), and gamma = 93.236(1) degrees, Z = 2, and final R = 0.023. 2 was orthorhombic, space group Cmc2(1), a = 14.7309(3), b = 15.1647(3), and c = 10.6154(2) A, Z = 4, and final R = 0.020. In 1, the Cd occupies the cavity of the bz-18-crown-6 with long average Cd-O bond lengths of 2.65 A and is N-bonded to the thiocyanates with short average Cd-N bonds of 2.12 A. In [Cd(bz-18-crown-6)(SCN)(2)], the linear coordination involving the Cd and the two N-bonded thiocyanate groups in 1 is discussed in terms of the role of relativistic effects in the tendency to linear coordination geometry in group 12 metal ions. In 2 Cd forms a polymeric structure involving thiocyanate bridges between Cd atoms and K(+) occupies the cavity of the crown ether. 2 highlights the fact that cadmium is almost never S-bonded to thiocyanate except in bridging thiocyanates. 相似文献
993.
Peter M.W. Gill Darragh P. O'Neill Nicholas A. Besley 《Theoretical chemistry accounts》2003,109(5):241-250
Two-electron distribution functions and intracules are functions of electronic coordinates and occupy an important, and frequently
overlooked, middle ground between the beguiling simplicity of electron densities and the bewildering complexity of wavefunctions.
We survey the functions that have been considered by earlier workers and introduce two new ones, the Wigner intracule and
the action intracule, that have not previously been discussed. To illustrate their usefulness, we consider the intracules
of jellium, a few small atoms and the dissociating hydrogen molecule.
Received: 26 July 2002 / Accepted: 20 October 2002 /
Published online: 30 January 2003
Correspondence to: P.M.W. Gill e-mail: peter.gill@nott.ac.uk 相似文献
994.
Reaction of CuI with 1 or 2 equivalent(s) N,N′‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)‐2,6‐diaminopyridine (BDDP) gives two different complexes, [Cu(I)μ‐(BDDP‐κP,Npy)]2 ( 1 ) and [Cu(BDDP‐κP,Npy)2]I ( 2 ), in high yields. The determination of the molecular structure show that both CuI atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated, rather than a square‐planar geometry reported for Cr0, NiII‐BDDP complexes before, which contains a planar tridentate chelate ring system. The introduction of AuCl(tht) (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) into [Cu(BDDP‐κP,Npy)2]I leads unexpectedly to the formation of a digold complex 2,6‐[(ClAuPh2P)HN]2C5H3N and dimeric [Cu(I)μ‐(BDDP‐κP,Npy)]2. 相似文献
995.
Srivastava A Metaxas AC So P Matsudaira P Ehrlich D Georghiou GE 《Electrophoresis》2005,26(6):1130-1143
A numerical model is presented for the accurate and efficient prediction of preconcentration and transport of DNA during sample introduction and injection in microcapillary electrophoresis. The model incorporates conservation laws for the different buffer ions, salt ions, and DNA sample, coupled through a Gaussian electric field to account for the field modifications that cause electromigration. The accuracy and efficiency required to capture the physics associated with such a complex transient problem are realized by the use of the finite element-flux corrected transport (FE-FCT) algorithm in two dimensions. The model has been employed for the prediction of DNA sample preconcentration and transport during electrophoresis in a double-T injector microdevice. To test its validity, the numerical results have been compared with the corresponding experimental data under similar conditions, and excellent agreement has been found. Finally, detailed results from a simulation of DNA sample preconcentration in electrophoretic microdevices are presented using as parameters the electric field strength and the other species concentrations. The effect of the Tris concentration on sample stacking is also investigated. These results demonstrate the great potential offered by the model for future optimization of such microchip devices with respect to significantly enhanced speed and resolution of sample separation. 相似文献
996.
Zuhair S. Salih Peter Stegmüller Wolfgang Pfleiderer 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1988,25(5):1443-1447
Acylations of 1,3-dimethyl- ( 1 ) and 1,3,7-trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione ( 2 ) with anhydrides in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid proceed well to give in good yields the corresponding 7-acyl derivatives 3–11 . The 6-trichloroacetyl derivatives 5 and 6 are sensitive towards nucleophiles, which displace the trichloromethyl group easily by formation of the corresponding 6-carboxylic acid derivatives 12–23. The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, uv and 1H nmr spectra and pKa, determinations. 相似文献
997.
Summary The kinetics of the reaction of [Cu(TPT)(H2O)3]2+ and [Ni(TPT)(H2O)3]2+ with H2O have been followed and it has been shown that the formation of covalent hydrates is important in the understanding of these systems. The [Co(TPT)(OH)3]– compound and its Ni analogue are attacked by HO– initially to form pseudo-base species and in, the case of Ni , the ligand then hydrolyses to yield a compound related to the carboximate formed when HO– reacts with [Cu(TPT)(OH)3]–. In this reaction too, the formation of a pseudo-base, involving attack of HO– at the triazine ring in the ligand is significant.Part XXI, ref. 2. 相似文献
998.
Prof. Dr. Fritz Sauter Peter Stanetty Hans Potužak Morteza Baradar 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》1976,107(3):669-673
The title substances1 and2 were prepared by acylation of the corresponding ethyl 2-amino-thiophene- (or:-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene)-3-carboxylates, in some cases followed by reactions introducing a basic substituent.Additionally a group of 2-aroylamino-thiophene-(or:-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene)-3-carboxamides was subjected to ring closure reactions, yielding the corresponding 2-aryl-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones and 2-aryl-[1]benzothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones (both:3).
Zum Teil unter Mitarbeit vonFerdinand Fuhrmann 相似文献
Zum Teil unter Mitarbeit vonFerdinand Fuhrmann 相似文献
999.
Wolfgang Oppolzer Roland Achini Emil Pfenninger Hans Peter Weber 《Helvetica chimica acta》1976,59(4):1186-1202
The N-allyl-N-cinnamyl amide 10 undergoes thermal cyclization to a 2:1-mixture of the trans- and cis-benz(f)isoindolines 11a and 12a . By comparison, the thermolysis of the corresponding bis-cinnamylamide 14 proceeds in a highly stereoselective manner to give the cis-fused[4+2]-adduct 16a . Similarly, the trans-fused stereoisomeric adducts 30a and 31a were obtained with high stereochemical control on heating the N-allyl-N-diphenylallyl amide 28 . The thermal transformations 4 → 5 + 6a and 17 → 18a + 20a show the competitive formation of [2+2]-adducts. An alternative approach to (substituted) benz[f]isoindolines 16 via the all-cis-isomer 24a has been developed. The described structures have been assigned on the basis of spectral evidence, chemical correlations and by X-ray-diffraction study of the isomer 16b . These results illustrate the utility of substituent interactions in order to direct intramolecular cyclo-additions at will towards either endo- or exo-products. 相似文献
1000.
Hans‐Dietrich Stachel Barbara Zimmer Eduard Eckl Katharina Semmlinger Wolfgang Weigand Ralf Wünsch Peter Mayer 《Helvetica chimica acta》2005,88(6):1208-1220
The 1,2‐dithiolosultam derivative 14 was obtained from the (α‐bromoalkylidene)propenesultam derivative 9 (Scheme 1). Regioselective cleavage of the two ester groups (→ 1b or 2b ) allowed the preparation of derivatives with different substituents at C(3) in the dithiole ring (see 27 and 28 ) as well as at C(6) in the isothiazole ring (see 17 – 21 ; Scheme 2). Curtius rearrangement of the 6‐carbonyl azide 21 in Ac2O afforded the 6‐acetamide 22 , and saponification and decarboxylation of the latter yielded ‘sulfothiolutin’ ( 30 ). Hydride reductions of two of the bicyclic sultams resulted in ring opening of the sultam ring and loss of the sulfonyl group. Thus the reduction of the dithiolosultam derivative 14 yielded the alkylidenethiotetronic acid derivative 33 (tetronic acid=furan‐2,4(3H,4H)‐dione), and the lactam‐sultam derivative 10 gave the alkylidenetetramic acid derivative 35 (tetramic acid=1,5‐dihydro‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐pyrrol‐2‐one) (Scheme 3). Some of the new compounds ( 14, 22, 26 , and 30 ) exhibited antimycobacterial activity. The oxidative addition of 1 equiv. of [Pt(η2‐C2H4)L2] ( 36a , L=PPh3; 36b , L=1/2 dppf; 36c , L=1/2 (R,R)‐diop) into the S? S bond of 14 led to the cis‐(dithiolato)platinum(II) complexes 37a – c . (dppf=1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene; (R,R)‐diop={[(4R,5R)‐2,2‐demithyl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4,5‐diyl]bis(methylene)}bis[diphenylphosphine]). 相似文献