Über die Bestimmung der Richtung von Übergangsmomenten in länglichen Molekülen aus Messungen des IR-Dichroismus, 1. Mitt.: Grundlegende theoretische Behandlung

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine allgemeine Beziehung zwischen dem dichroitischen Verhältnis, dem Ausmaß der Orientierung und dem Winkel zwischen der Richtung des Übergangsmomentes und der Molekül-Längsachse abgeleitet. Mit dieser Beziehung ist es prinzipiell möglich, auch bei nicht vollständiger Orientierung der Moleküle eine genaue Bestimmung der Richtung von Übergangsmomenten vorzunehmen.

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Determination of the direction of transition moments on oblong molecules by measurement of infrared dichroism, I

A general relation between dichroic ratio, degree of orientation and the angle between direction of transition moment and longitudinal axis of the molecule is derived. By this relation it will be possible in prineiple to determine exactly the direction of transition moments even when the molecules of the sample are only partially oriented.

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Mit 3 Abbildungen     

IR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen wäßriger Lösungen mit Hilfe der ATR-Technik

The ATR-method is qualified for measuring aqueous solutions if the multiplereflection technique is used in such a way that strong water absorptions do not cover a large part of the information on the spectrum. The single-reflection technique is mainly suitable for solutions of 2-molar and higher concentrations. Organic acids, phenols, amides, saccharides and anorganic compounds had been measured. A practical example proved that there is the possibility of also taking quantitative measurements with the ATR-method.     

[3+2]-cycloreactions of 1,2-diacylcyclopropenes with ynamines. Aminofurane- versus aminocyclopentadiene-formation

Electron deficient 1,2-diacylcyclopropenes represent synthetic equivalent for both acylcarbenes and vinylcarbenes; in their cycloreaction with ynamines aminofuranes and/or aminocyclopentadienes are formed.     

Optimization of a wet chemical continuous flow analysis method exemplified by the determinations of kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus

The optimization of a rather complex wet chemical analysis method, such as the measurement of Kjeldahl nitrogen or total phosphorus with the Technicon AutoAnalyzer, is extremely tedious when purely empirical approaches are used. A mathematical model of the different stages of the measuring method (digestion, neutralization and color reaction) is described. The system can then be optimized for maximum measuring sensitivity. Optimization is done by solving numerically the non-linear optimization problem with constraints. The starting values for the optimization algorithm were found by varying these values systematically within the tolerated range, with checks that none of the constraints were violated. The theoretical results predict an increase in sensitivity by a factor of 15 compared to the method used previously. In practice, the sensitivity was increased by a factor of 10 for the total phosphorus method. For the simultaneous low-level determinations of Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus some problems of stability remain.     

Beiträge zur Analyse nuklearer Rohmaterialien. X

Zusammenfassung Eine Methode wurde beschrieben, die es ermöglicht, Mangan von großen Mengen Uran zu trennen und der Endbestimmung mittels Spektrophotometrie zugänglich zu machen. Die Abtrennung des Mangans aus der Uranmatrix erfolgt durch Adsorption auf einer Säule des stark sauren Kationenaustauschers Dowex 50, X8 aus einer Mischung von 80 Vol.% Hexon, 10 Vol.% Aceton und 10 Vol.% 12-m Salpetersäure. Nach Elution des adsorbierten Mangans mittels 2-m Salpetersäure wird dieses unter Anwendung der Formaldoximmethode spektrophotometrisch bestimmt. Das Verfahren wurde zur Bestimmung des Mangans in U₃O₈-Standardproben (0,9 bis 8,1 ppm Mn) herangezogen und dabei eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung der Resultate erzielt.

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Contributions to the analysis of nuclear raw materials. X

Summary A method has been described that makes possible to separate manganese from large amounts of uranium and to render possible the end-determination by means of spectrophotometry. The separation of the manganese and of the uranium material is conducted by adsorption on a column of the strongly acidic cation exchanger Dowex 50, X 8 from a mixture of 80 vol.% hexone, 10 vol.% acetone and 10 vol.% of 12M nitric acid. Following elution of the adsorbed manganese by means of 2M nitric acid the manganese is determined spectrophotometrically by employing the formaldoxime method. The method was employed for the determination of manganese in standard specimens of U₃O₈ (0.9 to 8.1 ppm manganese) and a very good agreement of the results was achieved.

     

Theory of aging in structural glasses

The random first-order transition theory of the dynamics of supercooled liquids is extended to treat aging phenomena in nonequilibrium structural glasses. A reformulation of the idea of "entropic droplets" in terms of libraries of local energy landscapes is introduced which treats in a uniform way the supercooled liquid (reproducing earlier results) and glassy regimes. The resulting microscopic theory of aging makes contact with the Nayaranaswamy-Moynihan-Tool nonlinear relaxation formalism and the Hodge-Scherer extrapolation of the Adam-Gibbs formula, but deviations from both approaches are predicted and shown to be consistent with experiment. The nonlinearity of glassy relaxation is shown to quantitatively correlate with liquid fragility. The residual non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of relaxation observed in quenched glasses is explained. The broadening of relaxation spectra in the nonequilibrium glass with decreasing temperature is quantitatively predicted. The theory leads to the prediction of spatially fluctuating fictive temperatures in the long-aged glassy state, which have non-Gaussian statistics. This can give rise to "ultraslow" relaxations in systems after deep quenches.     

Heavy metals in human urinary calculi

Summary Heavy metals are incorporated in human urinary calculi during a complex pathological process. The trace metals cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel and mercury are determined with regard to significance in pathogenesis and therapy. The amounts of cadmium, lead and chromium were determined as well directly in the solid sample as after chemical digestion by Zeeman-GFAAS. Both analyzing techniques show corresponding results. Nickel could be determined after chemical digestion only, while mercury was determined by a solid sampling technique. The evaluation of the results of trace metal analysis in the pilot study of 11 urinary calculi showed increased amounts of lead and cadmium compared to the results of tartar and salivary calculi.     

133Xe release during post-irradiation annealing of uranium metal in the presence of a constant volume of air

The fractional release of¹³³Xe at different temperatures was studied as a function of time in the presence of an atmosphere of air during post-irradiation annealing of uranium metal. It was found that the relation between the fractional release and t^1/2 is irregular. There is an initial step in the annealing curves (at the temperature range of 400–710°C) which decreases by increasing temperature and totally disappears at the high temperature of 800–1000 °C. The other parts of the release curves are typical for¹³³Xe release from uranium metal. The initial step was found to be due to the surface oxidation of uranium metal.     

The kinetics of radical polymerization—XXVII. Investigation of the radical reactivity of 3,3′- and 4,4′-disubstituted azobenzenes in the polymerization of vinylacetate

A study was made on the inhibition by some 3,3′- and 4,4′-disubstituted azobenzenes of the polymerization of vinylacetate initiated by azoisobutyronitrile at 50°. The inhibitory effects of these substances can be attributed to their ability to engage in radical addition giving a less reactive hydrazyl type radical. The mechanism of the inhibition has been established by ESR and kinetic (stoichiometric) measurements. The value of k₅/k₂ (characteristic of the reactivity of an inhibitor) was determined for 9 substituents. The radical reactivity of the aromatic azo group was decreased by electron donor substituents and increased by electron acceptors. The substituent effect can be well interpreted by the Hammett equation; the value of the reaction constant was ? = +0.53.