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141.
Grinding is a commonly used method for producing pulps for papermaking, but its rather poor energy efficiency is a drawback. This paper focuses on developing a model dealing with temperature rise in wood during grinding. The model paves the way for the development of theoretical methods which can be used for reducing the energy consumption of the process. In grinding, wood is loaded by grits, which cause stress waves in the wood matrix. The stress waves fatigue the wood and ultimately separate fibres from the matrix, but because of wood’s viscoelasticity, part of the mechanical energy of waves is converted into heat. In order to understand the wood temperature increase in this process, a mechanistic model is developed here. The model is based on three hypotheses: a flux of mechanical energy occurs through the wood, the magnitude of the flux can be derived from the contact mechanics of the grits, and the rise in wood temperature can be determined from the dissipation of the flux. A temperature distribution in the actual grinding process was simulated with the model. The simulated temperatures were compared with a measured temperature profile obtained from the literature. The modelled and measured temperatures matched quite well. The simulations show that an increase in grit size results higher temperatures, whereas an increase in the distance between grits gives lower temperatures. The main result of the study is that the Hertz theory of contact mechanics can be considered an adequate method for analysing the effect of grits in the grinding process. The result shows that the Hertz theory is applicable when fatigue models are developed; these models can then be used to reduce the energy consumption of the process. 相似文献
142.
143.
Pertti yrs 《Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC》1977,9(11):663-664
The vicinal 3J(C H3C?CH ) coupling constants were determined for a number of propylene derivatives and compared with the 3J(H C?CH ) couplings of the corresponding ethylenes. A linear regression analysis yielded the correlation 3J(CH) = 0.46 ×3 J(HH)+1.58 Hz, the correlation coefficient being 0.956. 相似文献
144.
J. C. Fenyo J. P. Laine G. Muller 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》1979,17(1):193-202
Potentiometric titrations in water of high-molecular-weight partly hydrolyzed polyacrylamides were analyzed by the Lifson—Katchalsky rodlike model. A fair concordance was found between theory and experimental curves with pK0 of acid functions of about 4.75 when 0 < τ < 0.49. Two methods were derived to calculate the parameter n of the extended Henderson-Hasselbach equation by using a series expansion of pKa vs. α, not yet reported in the literature. A new equation for n was established and comparison between two sets of values of n, obtained by using the theoretical ΔpK curves and series expansion is discussed. 相似文献
145.
Ilpo Laine 《Mathematische Annalen》1978,235(3):267-290
146.
Vibrational modes of 24 clarinet reeds have been observed in both dry and wet conditions using holographic interferometry. Results have been compared with the "musical quality" of the reeds as judged by two professional clarinet players. An excellent correspondence has been demonstrated between specific vibrational behavior and musical quality. The results suggest that the presence and symmetry of a strong first torsional mode are indicative of good or very good musical quality. A second, but less stringent quality criterion is the proximity of frequencies corresponding to the second torsional and the second flexural mode. This proximity leads to the creation of mixed vibrational modes for the very best of the investigated clarinet reeds. 相似文献
147.
148.
Analysis of cyanobacterial pigments and proteins by electrophoretic and chromatographic methods 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Colyer CL Kinkade CS Viskari PJ Landers JP 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2005,382(3):559-569
Cyanobacteria are a diverse and ubiquitous group of prokaryotes with several unifying features. Amongst these is the macromolecular structure known as the phycobilisome, which is composed of water-soluble phycobiliproteins covalently bound by linker peptides or proteins in a configuration designed to optimize energy transfer to the photosynthetic reaction center of the organism. Phycobiliproteins are highly fluorescent by virtue of their covalently bound, linear tetrapyrrole chromophores known as bilins. Analysis of these prosthetic pigments, along with other non-water soluble pigments, such as the chlorophylls and carotenoids, can provide insight into microbial diversity. The effects of environmental growth conditions and stresses can also be probed by measuring pigment and protein concentrations. This review will focus, therefore, on applications of various chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for the analysis of cyanobacterial pigment and protein constituents. Although the greatest emphasis will be placed on the measurement of bilins and phycobiliproteins, this review will also consider other pigments and proteins important to cyanobacterial growth and survival, such as chlorophyll a, carotenoids, ectoenzymes, linker and membrane proteins, and extracellular proteins. 相似文献
149.
S. Backlund F. Eriksson G. Hedström A. Laine M. Rantala 《Colloid and polymer science》1996,274(6):540-547
Chiral esters with high optical purity have been synthesized at 298.2 K from racemic 2-octanol and alkanoic acids using the commerical lipases fromChromobacterium viscosum (CV) orCandida sp. (SP 525) immobilized in microemulsion-based gelatin gels. The microemulsions consisted of water and alkanes stabilized by the anionic surfactant sodium 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) and the naturally occurring zwitterionic surfactant soybean lecithin, respectively. The enzymes were solubilized both in water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions and in microemulsions with a bicontinuous structure. Different microstructures of the gels were chosen since the enzyme may undergo conformational changes in different environments resulting in different catalytic efficiencies toward competing substrates. Therefore, it is of great fundamental interest to know the phase behaviour and the microstructures of the used microemulsion systems. Phase diagrams were determined at 298.2 K for the systems water-hexane-AOT and ethanol/water (11)-hexadecane-soybean lecithin. The former system exhibited a large one-phase W/O microemulsion region, while in the latter a small one-phase region with bicontinuous structure was present. The kinetic enantiomeric ratios (E-values), as determined from enantiomeric excess (e.e.) values at a conversion below 0.5, were higher both in the W/O microemulsion as well as in the bicontinuous microemulsion using the SP 525 lipase, than using the CV lipase. On the other hand, the conversions were higher using gels based on W/O microemulsions (AOT stabilized) than using gels based on microemulsions with a bicontinuous structure (lecithin stabilized). 相似文献
150.
Leena Rahkamo Matti Siika-Aho Marianna Vehviläinen Matti Dolk Liisa Viikari Pertti Nousiainen Johanna Buchert 《Cellulose (London, England)》1996,3(1):153-163
Hardwood dissolving pulp was treated with purified
Trichoderma reesei
endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases. Endoglucanases were more efficient in hydrolysing pulp carbohydrates than were the cellobiohydrolases at the same protein dosage. Endoglucanases also lowered the viscosity and improved the alkaline solubility more dramatically. There was a clear correlation between the alkaline solubility and viscosity, and therefore the solubility could only be improved by lowering the viscosity of the pulp. At the same degree of cellulose degradation, endoglucanase II was found to be most effective in reducing the viscosity and thus improving the solubility. Cellobiohydrolases had a less pronounced effect on the viscosity or solubility. 相似文献