Abstract— The concentration of Escherichia coli in the input and output of a tertiary wastewater system (4 lagoons) has been monitored over an 11 month period. The integrated flux of biologically active solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation was measured during this period. By also determining (1) the effective temperature in the system, (2) the growth rate of E. coli at the effective temperature, (3) the penetration of the solar UV into the lagoons, (4) the dose-response relation for killing of E. coli by UV and (5) the retention time of water in the system, it is possible to compare the 'die off' expected from solar UV exposure to the actual 'die off' observed for different batches of water. The observed killing of E. coli was quite close to the values calculated, considering the numerous factors involved. Solar UV light would thus seem to be a very important factor in the natural purification of water. Because each successful species must possess characteristics (physiological or behavioral) which provide adequate resistance to solar UV, the ecological role of solar UV radiation has not been widely appreciated. 相似文献
Together with the cis-hydroxylation of the 16-bond, the hydroxylation of the 3-acetates of the ethyl esters of 24-nor- and 21,24-dinorchola-5,16,20(22)-trien-3-ol-23-oic acids with aqueous KMnO4 inpyridine gives the 3,16, 22-triol 17,20-epoxides and their acetates.
2.
The hydroxylation of the 21,24-dinor analogs with 30% H2O2 solution in the presence of OsO4 leads to a complex mixture of profoundly oxidized reaction products that are identified with difficulty. Only saponification of the carbethoxyl grouping occurs when alkaline H2O2 solution is used for the epoxidation.
Abstract— Thymine and uracil triplet-triplet absorption spectra and triplet excited state lifetimes have been observed in acetonitrile and water by nanosecond laser flash spectroscopy. A study of triplet energy transfer from these pyrimidines to retino! has also allowed an estimation of the triplet extinction coefficient εTT of thymine and uracil. These εTT were then used to determine the triplet quantum yields ØT of both pyrimidines in acetonitrile and water. 相似文献
Cyclo-heptane, -octane, -decane, -dodecane and -octadecane have been fluorinated in the vapour phase with cobaltic fluoride. The perfluorocarbons obtained revealed varying degrees of skeletal rearrangements. Thus, cycloheptane gave perfluoro-cycloheptane and -methylcyclohexane; cyclooctane gave at least eight fluorocarbons including-bicyclo(3,3,0)octane and -cyclooctane; cyclodecane gave a complex mixture from which were isolated perfluoro cis- and trans-bicyclo(4,4,0)decanes but no perfluorocyclodecane; cyclododecane and cyclooctadecane gave complex fluorocarbon mixtures in which none of the fluorocarbons with the original cycloalkene skeleton could be detected.Tetradecafluorobicyclo(3,3,0)octane gave dodecafluorobicyclo (3,3,0)oct-1(5)-ene and decafluorobicyclo(3,3,0)octa-di-1(5), 2-ene when pyrolysed over iron gauze.The fluorination of cyclooctane also afforded 1-pentadecafluorocyclooctane which was dehydrofluorinated to tetradecafluorocyclooctene. This was converted to a range of derivatives including dodecafluorosuberic acid, 1,2-dichlorotetradecafluorocyclooctane, 1-methoxy tridecafluorocyclooctene and tetradecafluorocyclooctanone. 相似文献
Various procedures were examined for the determination of organic hydroxyl groups. Conventional acetylation methods could not be used on the submicro scale, but the spectrophotometric method based on esterification with 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride followed by extraction of the ester and colour development with alkaline acetone proved reasonably satisfactory for aliphatic alcohols. Acidic hydroxyl groups e.g. in phenolic compounds, were titrated accurately with 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in benzene-methanol solution in a pyridine medium ; visual end-points or potentiometricend-points with glass-silver or glass-in-stream platinum electrode pairs were used depending on the strength of the acidic group. Some differentiating titrations were possible. A general submicro bromination method for phenols was not feasible. 相似文献
In the Y—Bi system the formation heats were measured using a direct isoperibol calorimeter. The following values were found for the two known compounds: 相似文献
Preparation, Vibrational Spectra, and Structure of Oxotetrafluorovanadates MIVOF4 (MI = Na, K, Rb, Cs, Tl, (CH3)4N) The compounds MIVOF4 (MI = K, Rb, Cs, Tl) and MIVOF4 · H2O (MI = Na, (CH3)4N) have been prepared. The crystal structure of KVOF4 has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The VOF-ions form endless chains by fluorine bridges. The lengths of the bridge bonds are 1.875(7) and 2.333(7) Å. The terminal V? O- and V? F-distances are 1.572(8) and 1.793 Å (mean value), respectively. The vibrational spectra have been registered and assigned. 相似文献
