全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3311篇 |
免费 | 117篇 |
国内免费 | 23篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2127篇 |
晶体学 | 27篇 |
力学 | 63篇 |
数学 | 628篇 |
物理学 | 606篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 18篇 |
2022年 | 37篇 |
2021年 | 75篇 |
2020年 | 71篇 |
2019年 | 85篇 |
2018年 | 68篇 |
2017年 | 62篇 |
2016年 | 131篇 |
2015年 | 117篇 |
2014年 | 133篇 |
2013年 | 243篇 |
2012年 | 218篇 |
2011年 | 225篇 |
2010年 | 150篇 |
2009年 | 158篇 |
2008年 | 200篇 |
2007年 | 200篇 |
2006年 | 162篇 |
2005年 | 125篇 |
2004年 | 110篇 |
2003年 | 85篇 |
2002年 | 91篇 |
2001年 | 38篇 |
2000年 | 46篇 |
1999年 | 31篇 |
1998年 | 23篇 |
1997年 | 26篇 |
1996年 | 36篇 |
1995年 | 32篇 |
1994年 | 29篇 |
1993年 | 20篇 |
1992年 | 29篇 |
1991年 | 16篇 |
1990年 | 24篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 18篇 |
1987年 | 16篇 |
1986年 | 14篇 |
1985年 | 21篇 |
1984年 | 32篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 21篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1980年 | 19篇 |
1979年 | 15篇 |
1978年 | 30篇 |
1977年 | 22篇 |
1976年 | 13篇 |
1970年 | 9篇 |
1968年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有3451条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
Scientists are constantly looking for better and cheaper separation techniques to replace or complement the current technology. Over the past few decades, and in particular the last 10 years, new separation techniques or modifications of existing techniques have become available for separating compounds from complex sample matrices. There are many areas, however, where the separation technology is not sufficient to achieve high purity and yield while remaining cost effective. In the area of biotechnology, separation techniques are urgently needed to meet demands for ultra-high purity and yield. Thus, a variety of techniques are being developed to address these needs. Generally, biological compounds for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries must be obtained at greater than 99.9% purity (sometimes greater than 99.99%) while maintaining high yield. In any area of chemistry this degree of purity would cause problems; in biotechnology it is even more difficult to achieve because of the complex sample matrices. In addition, the compounds of interest may be very similar to impurities or contaminants in the sample matrix, and the compounds could be denatured (or even destroyed) by certain solvents and/or high temperature. In particular, three areas of biotechnology have presented scientists with problems in separations: cell separations, DNA-RNA separations, and protein-peptide separations. The current technology available and possible future trends in these areas are discussed, and also problems to be solved in the future. 相似文献
72.
J. Roman 《Numerische Mathematik》1985,47(2):175-190
Résumé Nous présentons une numérotation de type Nested Dissection des inconnues d'un système linéaireAX=B pour des ensembles de matricescreuses symétriques définies positives correspondant à des famille de graphes non orientés,à degré borné, et admettant un
-thérème de séparation. Comparativement aux méthodes et résultats de Rose [9], l'algorithme présenté est plus simple, mais les théorèmes de complexité moins généraux, en raison de l'hypothèse restrictive de degré borné. En outre, les démonstrations font appel en permanence à la structure d'arbre sur la famille des séparateurs qui constitue, par ailleurs, une partition de l'ensemble des sommets du graphe initial. Nous présentons ensuite le schéma général d'implémentation dans le cadre du code d'éléments finis MODULEF pourdes problèmes plans d'éléments finis, et nous donnons quelques mesures comparatives avec la numérotation plus classique qui tend à minimiser le profil de la matrice.
Complexity bounds for a nested dissection method
Summary A nested dissection ordering is given for solving any system of linear equationsAX=B, for the family ofsparse symmetric positive definite matrices corresponding to the class of undirected graphs withbounded degree, and satisfyinga -separator theorem. If we compare the methods and results presented by Rose [9], our algorithm is more simple, but the complexity results are less general because of the restriction of bounded degree. Besides, our proofs use continually the arborescent structure on the family of separators, which is, by another way, a partition of the set of vertices for the initial graph. Then, the general implementation scheme in the finite element package MODULEF, fortwo-dimensional finite element problems, is presented, and numerical comparisons between our ordering and the standard envelope method are given.相似文献
73.
Roman L. Antipin Elena K. Beloglazkina Nikolay V. Zyk Nikolay S. Zefirov 《Tetrahedron letters》2007,48(4):729-731
Arylselenenation of conjugated and non-conjugated dienes by arylselenenamides in the presence of phosphorus(V) oxyhalides has been studied. Reactions with conjugated dienes lead to 1,4-adducts whilst only addition to double bonds takes place in reactions with non-conjugated dienes. 相似文献
74.
New Macrolides and Some Sesquiterpenoid Derivatives Occurring in Galbanum Absolute Analytical investigations of a Galbanum absolute have revealed for the first time the presence of four macrolides 1 – 4 derived from the corresponding hydroxylated C13–C16 fatty acids by lactonization of a secondary alcoholic group with the carboxylic group. The musky odor strengthens with increasing number of members in the macrocycle, whereas the woody note is predominant in the smaller rings. Isolation, identification and synthesis of the new naturally occurring substances are described. Shyobunol ( 24 ) epishyobunol ( 25 ) as well as their acetates 26 and 27 were identified - together with 10-epijunenyl acetate ( 28 ) - in the same substrate, thus indicating 25 and 26 to be natural products. The corresponding known and already naturally occurring ketones 23 and 24 are trace components in the investigated material derived from the so-called Galbanum oleo-gum-resin. 相似文献
75.
J. M. Pacheco F. Alasia H. E. Roman R. A. Broglia 《Zeitschrift für Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters》1996,37(3):277-280
A first-principles investigation of the photoabsorption cross section of the specially stable cluster Li12C60 is carried out, including the icosahedral symmetry of the cluster and treating the ions via ab initio pseudopotentials. The role of the coating metal is assessed by computing the same quantity for the fullerene “seed”. It is found that the main absorption features are determined by the carbon molecule, both at low and high excitation energies, in spite of a reduction of 60% for the ionization threshold of Li12C60 as compared to C60. Nonetheless the lithium coating is responsible for small yet clearly observable effects throughout the spectrum, in particular for a more structured and broad strength distribution at excitation energies below the ionization threshold of C60, and a double peak structure in the Mie resonance at ≈20 eV. 相似文献
76.
Antonio Doménech María Teresa Doménech-Carbó María Luisa Vázquez de Agredos Pascual 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2007,11(9):1335-1346
The preparation of indigo from Indigofera suffruticosa following the procedures attributed to ancient Mayas was electrochemically monitored using the voltammetry-of-microparticles
approach. The mechanism formation of indigotin and indirubin from its precursors, indican and isatan, is discussed. Comparison
of voltammetric profiles for differently prepared and commercial indigos and genuine Maya Blue samples suggests that the preparation
procedure of indigo changed during the Late Classical Maya period.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
77.
Roman Dziembaj 《Journal of solid state chemistry》1978,26(2):167-171
Using the redox mechanism of vanadia catalyst action as a starting point, oxygen binding energy and its measurement have been discussed. Experimental results on the equilibrium oxygen pressure are presented and two types of equilibrium are distinguished: chemisorbed and redox. It has been shown that univariant redox equilibrium is appropriate for characterizing vanadia catalysts. 相似文献
78.
Alan M Bond Enrico Mocellin Cherrie B Pascual Panit Wedkanjana Grard Jaouen Siden Top 《应用有机金属化学》1990,4(5):557-568
Electrochemical oxidation of α- and β-diastereomers of a range of steroid hormone receptor marker chromium tricarbonyl complexes, (steroid)Cr(CO)3, have been examined at platinum electrodes in dichloromethane. Data confirm the general nature of previously published conclusions on the oxidation of (arene)Cr(CO)3 complexes (arene = benzene or steroid). That is, with 0.1 M Bu4NPF6 as the electrolyte, and in the absence of nucleophiles, a reversible oneelectron process, (steroid)Cr(CO)3 ? [(steroid)Cr(CO)3]+ + e?, is observed, followed by an irreversible one-electron process at considerably more positive potentials. The reversible half-wave potentials (approximately E°-values) calculated for the [(steroid)Cr(CO)3]+/(steroid)Cr(CO)3 redox couple are shown to be dependent on whether the α- or β-diastereomer is oxidized. Similarly the rate of nucleophilic attack on the 17-electron cation [(steroid)Cr(CO)3]+ by nucleophiles such as ClO, PPh3 and bis(diphenylphosphine)methane confirms a previous observation that the stereochemistry of this class of compound is important with respect to redox, kinetic and hormone receptor properties. The nature of the electrochemical data obtained on the (arene)Cr(CO)3 complexes in the presence of nucleophiles suggests that reactions associated with the nucleophilic attack on the 17-electron cations are complex and that a range of reaction pathways occur simultaneously. Electrochemical studies on the oxidation of (benzene)Cr(CO)2PPh3 and (oestradiol)Cr(CO)2PPh3 confirm some aspects of the proposed mechanisms, although it is clear that a great deal still has to be learned concerning mechanistic aspects of nucleophilic attack on these 17-electron complexes. 相似文献
79.
Marián Kucharík František Šimko Vladimír Danielik Miroslav Boča Roman Vasiljev 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》2007,138(12):1211-1215
Summary. The phase diagram of the system Na3AlF6–NaVO3 was determined by means of thermal analysis. The system is a simple binary eutectic one. The eutectic point was estimated
at x(NaVO3) = 0.975 and t
eut = 617°C. The XRD patterns of samples after thermal analysis revealed the presence of cryolite and NaVO3 only supporting the above assumption of a simple eutectic binary system. 相似文献
80.
Jaromir Dmytrzyk Andrzej Kotarba Hanna Grabowska Roman Klimkiewicz 《Research on Chemical Intermediates》2004,30(3):337-342
The influence of gas-phase methylation of phenol on the state of the Fe-Si-Cr-K oxide catalyst surface was investigated by thermodesorption of K atoms and ions. Changes in potassium desorption energies, as determined from Arrhenius-like plots, varied from 3.07 eV to 1.21 eV for the atoms and from 2.59 eV to 2.89 eV for ion desorption from the active and deactivated samples, respectively. The results were discussed in terms of transformation of the catalyst surface and formation of β-ferrite. 相似文献