Ionizing radiation-induced XRCC4 phosphorylation is mediated through ATM in addition to DNA-PK

XRCC4 (X-ray cross-complementation group 4) is a protein associated with DNA ligase IV, which is thought to join two DNA ends at the final step of DNA double-strand break repair through non-homologous end-joining. It has been shown that, in response to irradiation or treatment with DNA damaging agents, XRCC4 undergoes phosphorylation, requiring DNA-PK. Here we explored possible role of ATM, which is structurally related to DNA-PK, in the regulation of XRCC4. The radiosensitizing effects of DNA-PK inhibitor and/or ATM inhibitor were dependent on XRCC4. DNA-PK inhibitor and ATM inhibitor did not affect the ionizing radiation-induced chromatin recruitment of XRCC4. Ionizing radiation-induced phosphorylation of XRCC4 in the chromatin-bound fraction was largely inhibited by DNA-PK inhibitor but further diminished by the combination with ATM inhibitor. The present results indicated that XRCC4 phosphorylation is mediated through ATM as well as DNA-PK, although DNA-PK plays the major role. We would propose a possible model that DNA-PK and ATM acts in parallel upstream of XRCC4, regulating through phosphorylation.     

Microwave-Assisted Conjugate Addition of Pyrrole on Electron-Deficient Nitro-Olefins

Michael addition of pyrrole to β-nitrovinyl compounds were carried out using microwave methodology. Monosubstituted pyrroles were obtained selectively in a major amount. Formation of novel product obtained during one of the reactions was explained by the double addition to nitrostyrene.     

Imidazolium supported palladium–chloroglycine complex: recyclable catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions

1-Glycyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride–palladium(II) complex [[Gmim]Cl–Pd(II)] was found to be a catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction with excellent yields with high turnover number (6.5 × 10²–9.4 × 10²).     

Dissipation kinetics and risk assessment of fluopyram and tebuconazole in mango (Mangifera indica)

The combination formulation of fluopyram and tebuconazole is used for control of fungal diseases and post-harvest disease management of mango. Dissipation study of the fungicides on mango was carried out after giving applications of fluopyram +tebuconazole at the standard and double doses of 150 + 150 and 300 + 300 g active ingredient hectare^?1 (g a.i. ha^?1), respectively. Fluopyram residues on mango were 0.8 and 0.9 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole residues, 0.308 and 0.4 mg kg^?1 after three and four applications at the standard dose. At double dose treatment the residue levels for fluopyram were 1.266 and 1.453 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole, 0.681 and 0.853 mg kg^?1, respectively. Residue dissipation in mango fruits followed first order rate kinetics and the half-life (DT₅₀) were 4.3–5.4 days for fluopyram and 3–3.8 days for tebuconazole. Faster dissipation of the fungicides was observed after the fourth treatment which directly correlated to higher rainfall during that period. The combined residues of fluopyram+tebuconazole reduced to below their maximum residue limits (MRLs) within 36–38 days. Dietary risk assessment on human health indicated that fluopyram and tebuconazole application to mango is unlikely to pose risk to human beings. This study gives valuable information on the judicious use of this combination formulation on mango, especially towards harvest.     

Surface properties and catalytic activity of sulfated rutile

The present work reports an investigation of physico-chemical properties and catalytic activity of the pure, sulfated and iron containing sulfated rutile. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray Diffraction, FT-IR, BET surface area, TG and NH₃-TPD measurements. The catalytic activity of the prepared catalysts towards liquid phase Friedel-Crafts alkylation of toluene with benzyl chloride was tested. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Targeting Photochemical Scalpels or Lancets in the Photodynamic Therapy Field—The Photochemist's Role

This review covers photochemical approaches aimed at supplementing surgical instruments with handheld photodynamic therapy (PDT) instruments. PDT is not widely used in hospitals, because of the laser equipment and expertise needed, and because insurance policies often do not cover the procedure. Accordingly, this review focuses on advances in photochemistry, photophysics, nanotechnology and miniaturization techniques that may likely inspire the use of handheld instruments in PDT. A takeaway point is that the advent of photochemical scalpels or lancets that deliver reactive oxygen species (ROS) on site may better equip medical practitioners and allow for eradication of tumors or infections in general. Specifically, the review is divided into several sections: sensitizer types, multiphoton and plasmonic topics, sensitizer delivery, light delivery, dosimetry, fiber optics and handheld implements in PDT.     

Finding Minors in Graphs with a Given Path Structure

Given graphs G and H with , suppose that we have a ‐path in G for each edge in H. There are obvious additional conditions that ensure that G contains H as a rooted subgraph, subdivision, or immersion; we seek conditions that ensure that G contains H as a rooted minor or minor. This naturally leads to studying sets of paths that form an H‐immersion, with the additional property that paths that contain the same vertex must have a common endpoint. We say that H is contractible if, whenever G contains such an H‐immersion, G must also contain a rooted H‐minor. We show, for example, that forests, cycles, K₄, and K_{1, 1, 3} are contractible, but that graphs that are not 6‐colorable and graphs that contain certain subdivisions of K_{2, 3} are not contractible.