Electrochemical study of triphenyltin piperidyl dithiocarbamate

The reduction of triphenyltin piperidyl dithiocarbamate in acetone has been investigated using d.c. polarography and cyclic voltammetry. Polarographic reduction yielded four well-defined waves, two of which were diffusion-controlled and two of which appear to represent adsorption processes. The cyclic voltammetric study yielded results in close agreement with the polarographic data. Results appear to indicate the release of the dithiocarbamate moiety, followed by reduction to form the triphenyltin radical, which undergoes dimerization, as well as reduction to the triphenyltin anion. For comparison, the polarographic reduction of triphenyltinchloride was investigated. A mechanism similar to that proposed by earlier authors for the polarographic behaviour of tributyltin oxide was found. For convenience, the more commonly used terminology of piperidyl dithiocarbamate is used throughout the paper, in place of (piperidine-1-carbodithioato) triphenyltin (IV).     

Toward fully synthetic carbohydrate-based HIV antigen design: on the critical role of bivalency

Synthetic gp120331-335 glycopeptide fragments carrying hybrid and high-mannose type N-linked glycans were evaluated for binding to broadly neutralizing antibody 2G12 using surface plasmon resonance technology. None of the hybrid-type constructs demonstrated binding to 2G12. In the high-mannose series, the "Cys dimer" construct, presenting two undecasaccharide glycans, showed significantly higher binding than the Cys-protected monomer. The binding of the dimeric structure was further investigated in competition with recombinant gp120. The data suggest that gp120 and its designed synthetic epitope construct bind to the same site on 2G12.     

Differential scanning calorimetry studies on aged iron(III)-chromium(III)-hydroxide coprecipitates

DSC measurements in air from 20 to 800° are reported on aged iron(III)-chromium(III) coprecipitated hydroxides (with Fe³⁺Cr³⁺ wt% ratios of 91, 73, 11, 37 and 19). A comparison of the DSC profiles of aged coprecipitates with the thermal behaviour of freshly precipitated and well characterized samples provided information on the modification occurring in the structure and reactivity of the coprecipitates on prolonged aging.

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Zusammenfassung Es werden DSC-Messungen an gealterten kogefällten Eisen(III)Chrom(III)-hydroxiden (mit Fe³⁺Cr³⁺ Gewichtsanteilen von 91, 73, 11, 37 und 19) im Temperaturbereich von 20 bis 800° beschrieben. Ein Vergleich der DSC-Profile von gealterten Kofällungen mit dem thermischen Verhalten frisch gefällter und gut definierbarer Proben lieferte Informationen über die Veränderungen in Struktur und Reaktivität der Koniederschläge bei längerem Altern.

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Dedicated to Professor Wahid U. Malik, Founder-President, Indian Council of Chemists, India, with profound regards and fond memories of his youthful enthusiasm and ceaseless and pioneering efforts towards the development of chemical education and research activities at the University of Roorkee, Roorkee, India, on the occasion of his 70th birthday.

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Paper presented at the World Conference on Thermal Analysis, Capri (Italy), 1989.

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We thank Professor J. Pescia, Dr.G. Ablart and N. Favillier of Laboratoire de Magnétisme et d'Electronique Quantique for their interest in this work. A. C. Vajpei expresses his gratefulness to C.N.R.S. and C.N.O.U.S., Paris, for financial support of this work.     

Intramolecular nitrone cycloaddition reaction on carbohydrate-based precursors: application in the synthesis of spironucleosides and spirobisnucleosides

A simple synthesis of chiral spironucleosides and spirobisnucleosides is described. Intramolecular 1,3-dipolar nitrone cycloaddition reaction of d-glucose-derived precursors having olefin at C-3 and nitrone at C-5, C-1, or C-2 (in nor-series) furnished bisisoxazolidinospirocycles 4-7, 11, and 12 in good yields. Reductive ring opening of the isoxazolidine moieties in 4-6 followed by construction of a nucleoside base upon the generated amino groups smoothly yielded spirobisnucleosides 17 and 18 and spironucleosides 20 and 21.     

Isomeric pyrazolo­[3,4-d]­pyrimidine-based mol­ecules: disappearance of dimerization due to interchanged substitutions

In 5-benzyl-1,7-di­methyl-4,5,6,7-tetra­hydro-1H-pyrazolo­[3,4-d]­pyrimidine-4,6-dione, C₁₄H₁₄N₄O₂, which crystallizes in space group P, weak intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate dimers. The isomeric compound 1-benzyl-5,7-di­methyl-4,5,6,7-tetra­hydro-1H-pyrazolo­[3,4-d]­pyrimidine-4,6-dione, C₁₄H₁₄N₄O₂, crystallizes in space group P2₁/n, and shows no such dimerization. Instead, it exhibits C—H⋯π interactions with the phenyl ring. In both structures, the mol­ecules are linked by aromatic π–π-stacking interactions.     

Dynamics of ionic and hydrophobic solutes in water-methanol mixtures of varying composition

We have carried out a series of molecular-dynamics simulations of water-methanol mixtures containing either an ionic or a neutral atomic solute to investigate the effects of composition of the mixture on the diffusion of these solutes. Altogether, we have considered 17 different systems of varying composition ranging from pure water to pure methanol. The diffusion coefficients of ionic solutes are found to show nonideal behavior with variation of composition of the solvent mixture. The extent of nonideality of the solute diffusion is found to be similar to the nonideality that is observed for the diffusion and orientational relaxation of water and methanol molecules in these mixtures and is attributed to the enhanced stability of the hydrogen bonds and formation of interspecies complexes in the mixtures. The neutral solute shows characteristics of hydrophobic solvation and its diffusion decreases monotonically with increase of methanol concentration. The present simulation results are compared with those of experiments wherever available.     

Partitioning of quencher ions in the micellar microenvironment of polyoxyethylene nonyl phenol

This paper has explored the quenching of fluorescence of the dye safranine T (ST) by the inorganic cations viz Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ in micellar solutions of the surfactant dioxyethylene nonyl phenol (Igepal CO-210), pentaoxyethylene nonyl phenol (Igepal CO-520) and dodecaoxyethylene nonyl phenol (Igepal CO-720). The quenching results have been calculated in light of stern volmer equation (SV) to evaluate the extent of interaction between the fluorophore (ST) and quencher. The average concentration of the quencher ions in the micelle have been determined. The quenching efficiency of ST by inorganic ions in micellar medium is lower than that in aqueous medium. The results show that the ions get partitioned in the micellar medium. The values of the partition coefficient of the ions decrease with increase in HLB value and number of oxyethylene groups in Igepal.     

Development of xylose-fermenting yeasts for ethanol production at high acetic acid concentrations

Mutants resistant to comparatively high levels of acetic acid were isolated from the xylose-fermenting yeastsCandida shehatae andPichia stipitis by adapting these cultures to increasing concentrations of acetic acid grown in shake-flask cultures. These mutants were tested for their ability to ferment xylose in presence of high acetic acid concentrations, in acid hydrolysates of wood, and in hardwood spent sulfite liquor, and compared with their wild-type counterparts and between themselves. TheP. stipitis mutant exhibited faster fermentation times, better tolerance to acid hydrolysates, and tolerance to lower pH.     

Mimicking transition metals in borrowing hydrogen from alcohols

Borrowing hydrogen from alcohols, storing it on a catalyst and subsequent transfer of the hydrogen from the catalyst to an in situ generated imine is the hallmark of a transition metal mediated catalytic N-alkylation of amines. However, such a borrowing hydrogen mechanism with a transition metal free catalytic system which stores hydrogen molecules in the catalyst backbone is yet to be established. Herein, we demonstrate that a phenalenyl ligand can imitate the role of transition metals in storing and transferring hydrogen molecules leading to borrowing hydrogen mediated alkylation of anilines by alcohols including a wide range of substrate scope. A close inspection of the mechanistic pathway by characterizing several intermediates through various spectroscopic techniques, deuterium labelling experiments, and DFT study concluded that the phenalenyl radical based backbone sequentially adds H⁺, H˙ and an electron through a dearomatization process which are subsequently used as reducing equivalents to the C–N double bond in a catalytic fashion.

An efficient method is developed for harvesting hydrogen, its storage and catalytic transfer by an odd alternant hydrocarbon. The strategy is reminiscent of transition metals in borrowing hydrogen mediated processes.