The Future of Carica papaya Leaf Extract as an Herbal Medicine Product

Carica papaya (papaya) leaf extract has been used for a long time in a traditional medicine to treat fever in some infectious diseases such as dengue, malaria, and chikungunya. The development of science and technology has subsequently made it possible to provide evidence that this plant is not only beneficial as an informal medication, but also that it has scientifically proven pharmacological and toxicological activities, which have led to its formal usage in professional health care systems. The development of formulations for use in nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals has caused this product to be more valuable nowadays. The use of good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards, along with the ease of registering this product facilitated by policies of the national government, will absolutely increase the value of papaya leaf extract as a vital nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products in the near future. In this article, we review the potential of papaya leaf extract to be a high-value commodity in terms of its health effects as well as its industrial benefits.     

Extraction and spectrophotometric determination of vanadium as a mixed ligand complex of oxine and azide

Summary Vanadium, oxine and azide react at pH 3.5–4.5 to give a dark green solid which extracts into benzene giving dark green solution. The extract has absorption maxima at 415 nm and 620 nm with molar absorptivities 8650 and 6040 respectively. Spectrophotometric investigations reveal that the extracting species has V, HOx and N₃ ^– in the ratio 122. Beer's law is obeyed upto 8.10g and 10.50g of vanadium per ml at 415 nm and 620 nm respectively. The formation constant and the free energy of formation are 8.5 ± 0.2×10⁶ and –9.61±0.30 Cal respectively at 30°. The interference of various foreign ions are studied and methods are proposed for the elimination of the interference of some of those substances. Infrared and magnetic data of the solid complex are given.

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Zusammenfassung Vanadin, Oxin und Azid reagieren bei pH 3,5–4,5 zu einem dunkelgrünen Feststoff, der sich mit Benzol als dunkelgrüne Lösung extrahieren läßt. Deren Absorptionsmaxima liegen bei 415 und 620 nm mit den molaren Extinktionen von 8650 bzw. 6040. Spektrophotometrisch ergibt sich das Verhältnis V:HOx: N₃ ^–=122. Bis 8,10 bzw. 10,5g V hat das Beersche Gesetz Gültigkeit. Die Komplexkonstante beträgt 8,5 ± 0,2×10⁶, die Bildungswärme –9,61±0,3 Kcal bei 30° C. Die Störung durch verschiedene Fremdionen wurde geprüft und in einigen Fällen beseitigt. IR- und magnetische Daten für die feste Komplexverbindung werden angegeben.

     

Comparative analysis of continuous cooling transformation behaviour in CGHAZ of API X-80 and X-65 line pipe steels

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Continuous cooling transformation diagrams were obtained for a simulated coarse-grain heat-affected zone of API X-80 and X-65 steels using Gleeble-3800...     

Spot detection of cerium and cobalt

Summary Sulphosalicylic acid reacts with cerium(IV) at p_H 11±0.5 to give a redbrown complex. With cerium(III) the reaction proceeds only slowly but is markedly accelerated in the presence of cobalt(II). 0.7 g of cerium, and based on its catalytic action, 0.03 g of cobalt can be detected on a spot plate.

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Zusammenfassung Sulfosalicylsäure bildet mit Cer(IV) bei p_H 11±0,5 einen rotbraun gefärbten Komplex. Mit Cer(III) verläuft die Reaktion nur langsam, wird aber durch Gegenwart von Kobalt(II) beschleunigt. Noch 0,7 g Ce und — auf Grund der Katalyse — 0,03 g Co können auf der Tüpfelplatte nachgewiesen werden.

     

Applications of the Weibull Distribution in Inventory Control

This paper is intended to show that the Weibull distribution can effectively be used to approximate the lead time demand in several cases of distributed demands coupled with distributed lead times. With this approximation, the computations involved are shown to be very simple, requiring no numerical or iterative procedures for determining the re-order levels or protection levels. Some pertinent properties of the Weibull distribution are summarized, and necessary tables for estimating the parameters of the Weibull distribution are given. Numerical examples are given in three cases of distributed demands and lead times and, in each case, the Weibull approximation results are compared with exact and/or other approximate results.