Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and standard behavioral methods were compared by measuring in-air audiograms for an adult female harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Behavioral audiograms were obtained using two techniques: the method of constant stimuli and the staircase method. Sensitivity was tested from 0.250 to 30 kHz. The seal showed good sensitivity from 6 to 12 kHz [best sensitivity 8.1 dB (re 20 microPa2 x s) RMS at 8 kHz]. The staircase method yielded thresholds that were lower by 10 dB on average than the method of constant stimuli. ABRs were recorded at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 22 kHz and showed a similar best range (8-16 kHz). ABR thresholds averaged 5.7 dB higher than behavioral thresholds at 2, 4, and 8 kHz. ABRs were at least 7 dB lower at 16 kHz, and approximately 3 dB higher at 22 kHz. The better sensitivity of ABRs at higher frequencies could have reflected differences in the seal's behavior during ABR testing and/or bandwidth characteristics of test stimuli. These results agree with comparisons of ABR and behavioral methods performed in other recent studies and indicate that ABR methods represent a good alternative for estimating hearing range and sensitivity in pinnipeds, particularly when time is a critical factor and animals are untrained. 相似文献
By a prime gap of size , we mean that there are primes and such that the numbers between and are all composite. It is widely believed that infinitely many prime gaps of size exist for all even integers . However, it had not previously been known whether a prime gap of size existed. The objective of this article was to be the first to find a prime gap of size , by using a systematic method that would also apply to finding prime gaps of any size. By this method, we find prime gaps for all even integers from to , and some beyond. What we find are not necessarily the first occurrences of these gaps, but, being examples, they give an upper bound on the first such occurrences. The prime gaps of size listed in this article were first announced on the Number Theory Listing to the World Wide Web on Tuesday, April 8, 1997. Since then, others, including Sol Weintraub and A.O.L. Atkin, have found prime gaps of size with smaller integers, using more ad hoc methods. At the end of the article, related computations to find prime triples of the form , , and their application to divisibility of binomial coefficients by a square will also be discussed.
For a domain in the complex plane and a bounded measurable function on , the generalized Hankel operator on is the operator of multiplication by followed by projection into . Under certain conditions on we show that either is compact or there is an embedded on which is bicontinuous. We characterize those 's for which is compact in the case that is a Behrens roadrunner domain.
Controlled adsorptive accumulation at the hanging mercury drop electrode enables 0.8–11 × 10?5 M chlordiazepoxide to be quantified by differential-pulse stripping voltammetry with accumulation times of 1–3 min. With 3-min accumulation, the peak current is enhanced 12-fold for 1.0 × 10?7 M chlordiazepoxide compared to the current from differential pulse polarography. The detection limit is 0.9 × 10?9 M for 4-min accumulation. The procedure is applied to spiked human serum after preseparation of the drug on a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge. 相似文献
We present an extension of a result of Vasyunin by giving a characterization of finite products of interpolating Blaschke
products B in terms of the minorization of B(z) by the distance of z to the zeros of B. We also characterize those Blaschke products that satisfy the hereditary weak embedding property. 相似文献
A sensitive method for the determination of microamounts of cobalt by ion-exchanger spectrophotometry has been developed. The chromogenic agent, Nitroso-R-Salt (NRS), was loaded on an anionic-exchange resin (Amberlite CG-400). The absorbance of the NRS-cobalt complex on the chelating resin was measured at 508 nm. The best conditions for the preconcentration of cobalt on the resin before the spectrophotometric determination were a pH value of 6, temperature of 80 °C, and heating times of 45 or 90 min for 50 and 400 ml of sample, respectively. The detection limits were 27 ng/ml (50-ml samples) and 1.8 ng/ml (400-ml samples). Interference by other metals was investigated. The method is useful for determination of cobalt in natural waters. 相似文献