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101.
Sputtered Zn(O,S)/In2O3:H window layers for enhanced blue response of chalcopyrite solar cells
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Alexander Steigert Iver Lauermann Thomas Niesen Thomas Dalibor Jörg Palm Stefan Körner Harald Scherg‐Kurmes Ruslan Muydinov Bernd Szyszka Reiner Klenk 《固体物理学:研究快报》2015,9(11):627-630
A combination of undoped ZnO and ZnO:Al is the most commonly used window layer stack for chalcopyrite solar cells. The high carrier density and thickness required to achieve a sufficiently low sheet resistance lead to optical absorption and cause losses in photocurrent, in particular in monolithically interconnected modules. Additionally, the band gap of the CdS buffer layer and of un‐doped ZnO limit the blue response. These losses could be avoided by using a transparent conductive oxide with high carrier mobility and wider band gap in combination with a buffer layer which also has a wide band gap. We propose a stack of Zn(O,S) and In2O3:H and report on our first results concerning its implementation. This stack is Cd‐free, highly transparent over a wide range, and can be deposited completely by sputtering which is an industrially proven dry process. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
102.
We investigate the mathematical reasoning required to solve the tasks in the Swedish national tests and a random selection of Swedish teacher-made tests. The results show that only a small proportion of the tasks in the teacher-made tests require the students to produce new reasoning and to consider the intrinsic mathematical properties involved in the tasks. In contrast, the national tests include a large proportion of tasks for which memorization of facts and procedures are not sufficient. The conditions and constraints under which the test development takes place indicate some of the reasons for this discrepancy and difference in alignment with the reform documents. 相似文献
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A simplified out-of-plane valence force field in the harmonic approximation has been constructed for ethene, butadiene, glyoxal, acrolein, and p-benzoquinone using the overlay technique. p-Benzoquinone is considered to consist of two conjugated OCCHCHCO systems and force constants from the first four mentioned molecules are shown to be successfully transferable to p-benzoquinone. The force field has 21 independent parameters and gives a root-mean-square frequency error of 7.61 cm?1. 相似文献
108.
Helmut Ohse Richard Palm Harald Cherdron 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》1967,98(6):2138-2147
Zusammenfassung -Trichlormethyl--lactone lassen sich in guten Ausbeuten durch unkatalysierte Addition von Keten an die entsprechenden Carbonylverbindungen darstellen. Sie zeigen nicht in allen Fällen die für -Lactone typische Reaktionsweise.
-trichloromethyl--lactones are prepared in good yields via uncatalyzed addition of ketene to the corresponding carbonyl compound. In some reactions deviations from the normal behaviour of -lactones are observed.相似文献
109.
Gogritchiani E Hartmann T Palm BS Samsoniya S Dürr H 《Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology》2002,67(1):18-22
New molecules incorporating a uracil nucleic base and a dihydroindolizine (DHI) unit linked via spacer arms, i.e., uracil-spyrodihydroindolizine (4), were synthesised as models for light sensitive systems for nucleic acid labelling. The uracil-DHI (4) undergoes easy photocoloration to the uracil-betaine (5) generating the UV-detectable species. Preliminary results show rather weak binding of uracil-DHI (4) to calf thymus-DNA. 相似文献
110.
Automatic synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides and mixed oligodeoxynucleotides using the phosphoamidite method 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
S Josephson E Lagerholm G Palm 《Acta chemica Scandinavica. Series B: Organic chemistry and biochemistry》1984,38(7):539-545
A simplified procedure for making and using the deoxynucleoside phosphoamidites (1 a-d) in the automated synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides has been developed. The reagents prepared show good stability in solution. The reactivity of the reagents was found to be directly proportional to their concentrations, which makes it possible to synthesize mixed oligomers in desired ratios. Oligomers up to 45-mer have been synthesized using a coupling cycle of twenty min. 相似文献